Rebecca Stefoff - Building Tunnels

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Table of Contents

.

BUILDING TUNNELS

REBECCA STEFOFF

.

.

GREAT EnGinEERinG

Building

TUNNELS

REbEccA sTEfoff

.

Published in 2016 by Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC 5th Avenue, Suite 136, New York, NY 10016

Copyright 2016 by Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC

First Edition

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the

copyright owner. Request for permission should be addressed to Permissions, Cavendish Square Publishing, 5th Avenue, Suite 136, New York, NY 10016. Tel ( 877) 980-4450; fax ( 877) 980-4454.

Website: cavendishsq. com

This publication represents the opinions and views of the author based on his or her personal experience, knowledge, and research. The information in this book serves as a general guide only. The author and publisher have used their best efforts in preparing this book and disclaim liability rising directly or indirectly from the use

and application of this book.

CPSIA Compliance Information: Batch #WS15CSQ

All websites were available and accurate when this book was sent to press.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Stefoff, Rebecca, 1951- author. Building tunnels / Rebecca Stefoff. pages cm. ( Great engineering)

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-50260-601-3 ( hardcover) ISBN 978-1-50260-600-6 ( paperback)

ISBN 978-1-50260-602-0 ( ebook) Tunnels Design and construction Juvenile literature. Underground construction Juvenile literature.

Civil engineering Juvenile literature. I. Title.

TA807. S74 2016 1'93 dc23

2014049189

Editorial Director: David McNamara Editor: Andrew Coddington Copy Editor: Rebecca Rohan Art Director: Jeffrey Talbot Designer: Amy Greenan

Senior Production Manager: Jennifer Ryder-Talbot Production Editor: Renni Johnson

Photo Research: J8 Media

The photographs in this book are used by permission and through the courtesy of: Hxdyl/Shutterstock, cover; Niroshan86/iStock, 5; Mikeo, File: Thurston Lava Tube Edit jpg/Wikimedia Commons, 6; Dorling Kindersley/ Getty Images, 7; Cyril Ruoso/Minden Pictures/Getty Images, 9; Herv Champollion/akg images/Newscom, 11;

Chris Sattlberger/Blend Images/Getty Images, 13; File: Gerrards Cross railway station jpg/Wikimedia Commons, 15; Museum of London, UK/Bridgeman Images, 17; Washington Dept. of Transportation/AP Images, 20;

Martin Lehmann/Shutterstock, 23; Johannes Simon/Getty Images, 24; Commander Keane, File: Channel Tunnel geological profile svg/Wikimedia Commons, 25; Denis Charlet/AFP/Getty Images,

Printed in the United States of America

.

TABlE OF

CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: Going Underground

CHAPTER TWO: Planning a Tunnel

CHAPTER THREE: Start Digging!

CHAPTER FOUR: Under Mountains and Waves

Glossary

Find Out More

Index

About the Author

.

CHAPTER ONE Going Underground

T wo thousand and five hundred years ago, the people who lived on the island of Samos had a problem.

Samos is an island off the coast of Greece, in Europe. The main city was on the coast. Inland, away from the coast, there was a natural spring where water flowed out from underground.

The spring was a good source of water but a mountain called Mount Kastro stood between the

.

spring and the city. How could the people get the springs water to their city?

They decided that the answer was to build a tunnel through the mountain.

Natures Tunnels

A tunnel is a passageway that is enclosed, or roofed over. It may run underground or underwater. All

How can a train travel under a mountain? By going through a tunnel.

.

tunnels have at least two entrances. You can go in at one end and come out at the opposite end.

Tunnels are found in nature. A special kind of cave may be made by hot lava flowing out of a volcano. When the lava cools, it hardens into a long, hollow tunnel called a lava tube.

Many animals build tunnels. Have you ever seen small piles of fresh dirt on a lawn? Creatures that dig tunnels, such as moles or gophers, made the piles. They use the tunnels to store their food, raise their young, and hide from bigger animals that want to eat them.

A lava tube in Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii. After the outside of a lava flow cooled off, the hot inside flowed away.

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Rabbits and prairie dogs build huge networks of tunnels called burrows. The tunnels connect underground rooms and lead to many entrances. Some of the biggest burrows are built by badgers, large members of the weasel family. Badgers have strong arms and long claws for excavating, or digging.

Rabbits are some of natures tunnel-builders that live underground.

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Why Dig a Tunnel?

People have been making tunnels for thousands of years.

Tunnels can solve many problems. Prisoners have tunneled to freedom by secretly digging passages. Miners have tunneled into the earth in search of diamonds and gold.

People use tunnels to move things around or even travel without taking up space above ground. One example is subway tunnels. They carry trains and people across large cities, passing beneath buildings and busy streets.

Tunnels have even gone through mountains. When building a road or a railway, it is sometimes easier to go straight through a mountain than to go the long way around! Tunnels can mean shorter trips for cars, trucks, and trains.

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