Rebecca Stefoff - Building Roads

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Table of Contents

.

BUILDING ROADs

ReBeccA Stefoff

.

.

GREAT EnGinEERinG

Building

ROADS

REbEccA sTEfoff

.

Published in 2016 by Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC 5th Avenue, Suite 136, New York, NY 10016

Copyright 2016 by Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC

First Edition

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the

copyright owner. Request for permission should be addressed to Permissions, Cavendish Square Publishing, 5th Avenue, Suite 136, New York, NY 10016. Tel ( 877) 980-4450; fax ( 877) 980-4454.

Website: cavendishsq. com

This publication represents the opinions and views of the author based on his or her personal experience, knowledge, and research. The information in this book serves as a general guide only. The author and publisher have used their best efforts in preparing this book and disclaim liability rising directly or indirectly from the use

and application of this book.

CPSIA Compliance Information: Batch #WS15CSQ

All websites were available and accurate when this book was sent to press.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Stefoff, Rebecca, 1951- author. Building roads / Rebecca Stefoff. pages cm. ( Great engineering)

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-50260-604-4 ( hardcover) ISBN 978-1-50260-603-7 ( paperback) ISBN 978-1-50260-605-1 ( ebook)

Roads Design and construction Juvenile literature. Civil engineering Juvenile literature. I. Title.

TE149. S744 2016 dc23

2015002703

Editorial Director: David McNamara Editor: Andrew Coddington Copy Editor: Rebecca Rohan Art Director: Jeffrey Talbot Designer: Amy Greenan

Senior Production Manager: Jennifer Ryder-Talbot Production Editor: Renni Johnson

Photo Research: J8 Media

The photographs in this book are used by permission and through the courtesy of: K Kwan Kwanchai/ Shutterstock. com, cover; Tim Roberts Photography/Shutterstock. com, 5; Joanna Zaleska/Shutterstock. com,

7; Bart Coenders/E+/Getty Images, 11; 06photo/Shutterstock. com, 12; Vadim Ratnikov/Shutterstock. com, 13; Steven Frame/Shutterstock. com, 15; Thirteen/Shutterstock. com, 17; Pi-Lens/Shutterstock. com, 18; 06photo/ Shutterstock. com, 19; Vadim Ratnikov/Shutterstock. com, 20; Damon Bay/Moment Open/Getty Images, 23;

52691989/Shutterstock. com, 24; trekandshoot/Shutterstock. com,

Printed in the United States of America

.

TABLE OF

CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: Getting Around

CHAPTER TWO: First Steps

CHAPTER THREE: Building a Road

CHAPTER FOUR: Roads in Use

Glossary

Find Out More

Index

About the Author

.

CHAPTER ONE

Getting Around

R oads tie the world together. City streets are roads. So are country lanes. Huge highways packed with high-speed cars are roads, too.

People, bikes, cars, and trucks go from place to place using roads. It wasnt always that way. A long time ago, people moved around without roads.

Early humans traveled on foot. At times they followed the trails that animals made. Over time, hooves and feet wore away the grass or bushes on these trails. A narrow dirt path remained.

BUILDING ROADS

.

How did people go from using dirt paths to building modern superhighways? Road building took time. Over thousands of years, people have developed skills and learned to build the far-reaching highways we see today.

What Is a Road?

A road is any path of travel that has been improved, or made better. Even a dirt path can become a simple road if people improve it.

Imagine a path that has to twist and turn around a tree. You cut down the tree. Then you move some big

Highways cross over and under each other at a stacked interchange.

Getting Around

.

rocks out of the middle of the path. You have improved the path. You have started turning it into a road.

A road makes it easier for traffic to move over land. Traffic is everything that travels on roads. Today, most traffic is made up of cars and trucks. Traffic on the worlds first roads was very different.

The First Roads

The first roads were paths that people improved by making them wider and smoother. If a stream crossed a path, people put a log across the stream to use as a bridge.

Travelers went along these simple roads on foot. They carried goods from place to place to sell or trade. Some travelers used animals such as horses or oxen to carry loads.

Two things made people build bigger and better roads.

BUILDING ROADS

.

One of those things was the wheel. About five thousand years ago, people in the Middle East started using carts and wagons with wheels. Over time, use of the wheel spread through Asia and Europe. Now that people could use wagons to carry bigger loads, they needed new roads. The roads had to be wide enough for wagons. Roads also had to be covered with sand, gravel, or flat stones. This kept the roads from turning into mud when it rained. Wagons could get stuck in mud.

The other reason for better roads was bigger armies. Kings wanted to move their armies around.

Getting Around

When people started using wheels, they needed better roads. Horses pulled chariots like this one.

.

This meant a lot of soldiers marching along at the same time. Armies could move faster on a wide, flat, smooth road than on a small track. Kingdoms with big armies started building new roads.

Roman Roads

The top road-builders of the ancient world were the Romans. They built a web of roads that tied the city of Rome, in Italy, to most of Europe. Some roads had stone bridges over rivers. Some had tunnels through steep hills.

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