Rebecca Stefoff - Building Skyscrapers

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Table of Contents

.

BUILDING SKYSCRAPERS

REBECCAS STEFOFF

.

.

GREAT EnGinEERinG

Building

SKYSCRAPERS

REbEccA sTEfoff

.

Published in 2016 by Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC 5th Avenue, Suite 136, New York, NY 10016

Copyright 2016 by Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC

First Edition

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the

copyright owner. Request for permission should be addressed to Permissions, Cavendish Square Publishing, 5th Avenue, Suite 136, New York, NY 10016. Tel ( 877) 980-4450; fax ( 877) 980-4454.

Website: cavendishsq. com

This publication represents the opinions and views of the author based on his or her personal experience, knowledge, and research. The information in this book serves as a general guide only. The author and publisher have used their best efforts in preparing this book and disclaim liability rising directly or indirectly from the use

and application of this book.

CPSIA Compliance Information: Batch #WS15CSQ

All websites were available and accurate when this book was sent to press.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Stefoff, Rebecca. Building skyscrapers / by Rebecca Stefoff.

p. cm. ( Great engineering) Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-50260-607-5 ( hardcover) ISBN 978-1-502600-606-8 ( paperback) ISBN 978-1-50260-608-2 ( ebook)

Skyscrapers Juvenile literature. Skyscrapers Design and construction Juvenile literature. I. Stefoff, Rebecca, 1951-. II. Title.

NA6230. S74 2016

720'. d23

Editorial Director: David McNamara Editor: Andrew Coddington Copy Editor: Rebecca Rohan Art Director: Jeffrey Talbot Designer: Amy Greenan

Senior Production Manager: Jennifer Ryder-Talbot Production Editor: Renni Johnson

Photo Research: J8 Media

The photographs in this book are used by permission and through the courtesy of: dibrova/Shutterstock. com, cover; Songquan Deng/Shutterstock. com, 5; Library of Congress, 6; Dudarev Mikhail/Shutterstock. com, 7; Albert

Pego/Shutterstock. com, 9; Zeynep Demir/Shutterstock. com, 11; Corbis/Splash News/Newscom, 12; Chicago History Museum/Getty Images, 13; vgajic/E+/Getty Images, 15; Eldad Carin/iStock/Thinkstock, 17; Byggarn. se/

Shutterstock. com, 18; J. wootthisak/Shutterstock. com, 19; AnryMos/iStock Editorial/Thinkstock, 20; Marco Rubino/Shutterstock. com, 23;S-F/Shutterstock. com, 24; Vincent Callebaut/Solent News/Rex Features,

Printed in the United States of America

.

TABlE OF

CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: Going Up

CHAPTER TWO: What Is a Skyscraper?

CHAPTER THREE: A Tall Job

CHAPTER FOUR: Reaching for the Sky

Glossary

Find Out More

Index

About the Author

.

CHAPTER ONE

Going Up

C ities are like living things. They change and grow. Cities get bigger when the number of people living

In them goes up. Sometimes this happens when the people who live in the city have children. Sometimes new people move to the city from other places. Many of them come to look for jobs.

All of these people need places to live, work, go to

.

school, and shop. The city has to grow to make room for them. Where will people put the new homes and buildings they need?

How a City Grows A city can grow by spreading out. New streets and neighborhoods rise up on the edges of the old city.

Chicago was one of the first cities to have skyscrapers. Today, it is home to many tall buildings.

.

They become part of the city. In time, more streets and neighborhoods are built. They are even farther out. The city gets bigger and bigger.

Sometimes a city hits a limit. It cannot keep growing in all directions. Maybe the city sits on the edge of the ocean or has a river on one side. Maybe a swamp or a mountain keeps the city from spreading.

If a city can just keep growing outward, it may get huge. The newest parts of the city will be very far from the center. People who live on the edge and work in the center would have to travel a long way every day.

This old map shows Manhattan, the heart of New York City. Manhattan is an island with water on all sides. Builders had to go up, not out.

.

There is one way a city can grow even if rivers and mountains are in its way. It can get bigger without always spreading outward. A city can grow upward.

Tall Buildings

People have been building tall structures for a long time. The Great pyramid of Giza in egypt was built more than four thousand years ago. It is feet (146 meters) high. For more than three thousand years it was the tallest thing built by humans in the world.

The Great pyramid was the burial place of a king. It was not made

Egypts Great Pyramid was the tallest human- made structure in the world for more than three thousand years but it was not a skyscraper.

.

for people to live in. Other tall structures in the ancient world were built for people to live in. They were habitable.

Two thousand years ago the city of rome, Italy, had apartment buildings ten stories high. One thousand years ago egyptian cities had buildings of fourteen stories. The lower floors held shops. The upper floors were apartments where people lived.

Not Too High!

Tall buildings were one answer to the problem of growing cities. But tall buildings had two big problems of their own.

First, think about living on the fourteenth floor. To reach your room you would have to climb up, and up, and up. People lived on the high floors because they had no choice. Still, there was a limit. No one wanted to climb thirty or forty flights of stairs.

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