Rebecca Stefoff - Building Bridges

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Table of Contents

.

BUILDING BRIDGES

REBECCA STEFOFF

.

.

GREAT EnGinEERinG

Building

BRIDGES

REbEccA sTEfoff

.

Published in 2016 by Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC 5th Avenue, Suite 136, New York, NY 10016

Copyright 2016 by Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC

First Edition

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the

copyright owner. Request for permission should be addressed to Permissions, Cavendish Square Publishing, 5th Avenue, Suite 136, New York, NY 10016. Tel ( 877) 980-4450; fax ( 877) 980-4454.

Website: cavendishsq. com

This publication represents the opinions and views of the author based on his or her personal experience, knowledge, and research. The information in this book serves as a general guide only. The author and publisher have used their best efforts in preparing this book and disclaim liability rising directly or indirectly from the use

and application of this book.

CPSIA Compliance Information: Batch #WS15CSQ

All websites were available and accurate when this book was sent to press.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Stefoff, Rebecca, 1951- author. Building bridges / Rebecca Stefoff. pages cm. ( Great engineering)

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-50260-598-6 ( hardcover) ISBN 978-1-50260-597-9 ( paperback)

ISBN 978-1-50260-599-3 ( ebook) Bridges Juvenile literature. Bridges Design and construction Juvenile literature.

Civil engineering Juvenile literature. I. Title.

TG148. S74 2016 dc23

2014046859

Editorial Director: David McNamara Editor: Andrew Coddington Copy Editor: Rebecca Rohan Art Director: Jeffrey Talbot Designer: Amy Greenan

Senior Production Manager: Jennifer Ryder-Talbot Production Editor: Renni Johnson

Photo Research: J8 Media

The photographs in this book are used by permission and through the courtesy of: My Leap Year/Shutterstock, cover; File: Jos Luis Mieza/Wikimedia Commons, 5; B2M Productions/Image Bank/Getty Images, 7; UbjsP/ Shutterstock, 8; Walter Quirtmair/Shutterstock, 9; Kimson/Shutterstock, 11; Chris Sattlberger/Photographers

Choice/Getty Images, 12; Jeremy Bright/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images, 13; Auremar/Shutterstock, 15; Robert Cernohlavek/Shutterstock, 17; World History Archive/Newscom, 18; drpnncpptak/Shutterstock, 2021;

J. K. Floyd/Shutterstock, 23; Hulton Archive/Getty Images, 24; Ventdusud/Shutterstock,

Printed in the United States of America

.

TABlE OF

CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: From One Side to the Other Side

CHAPTER TWO: Making a Plan

CHAPTER THREE: Building the Bridge

CHAPTER FOUR: A Better Way Across

Glossary

Find Out More

Index

About the Author

.

CHAPTER ONE

From One Side to the Other Side

S ome of the worlds biggest cities are near water. New York City has more people than any other American city. It is built around two rivers. They flow into an ocean harbor.

Paris is the biggest city in France. It has a river running through it. So does London, the biggest city in England.

Theres one big problem with rivers. How do you get to the other side?

BUILDING BRIDGES

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The Wet Way Across

The first people moved around looking for food. They had to cross creeks and streams to find food on the other side. Those people splashed their way through the water to get to the other side.

Wading through the water is one way to cross a creek. Swimming is another way. But what if the water is icy cold? That could keep you from wading or swimming.

A river cuts the biggest city in France into two parts. Bridges tie the two parts her.toget

From One Side to the Other Side

.

The flow of the water could stop you, too. Water flow or movement is called current. If the current is fast, you could get swept away.

What if the water is deep and wide? You might be able to walk across a creek. You might swim across a stream. But a river might be too deep to walk across. It might be too wide to swim across. You need another way to get to the opposite side.

A New Way

Imagine you want to cross a creek. How would you start? You would look up and down the creek banks for the best place to cross.

Not far away you see a tree that has fallen down. Its trunk lies across the creek. One end of the trunk is on your side. The other end is on the opposite side of the creek.

The tree is big enough to walk on. It looks better

BUILDING BRIDGES

.

than trying to walk or swim through the water.

You carefully walk along the fallen tree. It takes you to the other side of the creek. You have just used a bridge.

A bridge goes from one side to the other side of something. Most bridges are over water. They cross creeks, rivers, and lakes. Some bridges go over busy streets so people can walk safely across.

Bridges can also cross canyons. A canyon is a valley with steep sideslike the Grand Canyon. Often there is a river at the bottom of the canyon.

The worlds first bridge was probably a log over a stream.

From One Side to the Other Side

.

Making Bridges

The first bridges that people made were simple. Suppose there was no fallen tree across a creek. People just cut down a tree to make a bridge.

People still make bridges by putting a log or a board across a small creek. This is the easiest kind of bridge to build. But a board is not big enough to cross a river.

This bridge spans the Colorado River near Hoover Dam. It links two states, Arizona dan Nevada.

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