Rebecca Stefoff - Building Dams

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Table of Contents

.

BUILDING DAMS

REBECCA STEFOFF

.

.

GREAT EnGinEERinG

Building

DAMS

REbEccA sTEfoff

.

Published in 2016 by Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC 5th Avenue, Suite 136, New York, NY 10016

Copyright 2016 by Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC

First Edition

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the

copyright owner. Request for permission should be addressed to Permissions, Cavendish Square Publishing, 5th Avenue, Suite 136, New York, NY 10016. Tel ( 877) 980-4450; fax ( 877) 980-4454.

Website: cavendishsq. com

This publication represents the opinions and views of the author based on his or her personal experience, knowledge, and research. The information in this book serves as a general guide only. The author and publisher have used their best efforts in preparing this book and disclaim liability rising directly or indirectly from the use

and application of this book.

CPSIA Compliance Information: Batch #WS15CSQ

All websites were available and accurate when this book was sent to press.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Stefoff, Rebecca, 1951- author. Building dams / Rebecca Stefoff. pages cm. ( Great engineering)

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-50260-595-5 ( hardcover) ISBN 978-1-50260-594-8 ( paperback) ISBN 978-1-50260-596-2 ( ebook)

Dams Juvenile literature. Dams Design and construction Juvenile literature. Civil engineering Juvenile literature. I. Title.

TC540. S784 2016 dc23

2015004884

Editorial Director: David McNamara Editor: Andrew Coddington Copy Editor: Rebecca Rohan Art Director: Jeffrey Talbot Designer: Amy Greenan

Senior Production Manager: Jennifer Ryder-Talbot Production Editor: Renni Johnson

Photo Research: J8 Media

The photographs in this book are used by permission and through the courtesy of: Andrew Zarivny/Shutterstock. com, cover; Zeljko Radojko/Shutterstock. com, 5; Robert McGuoey/All Canada Photos/Getty Images, 6; U. S. Army Corps of Engineers/File: Corps tests Hartwell Dam spillway gates ( 9372426574) . jpg/Wikimedia Commons, 7; Drrfqq/File: Kallanai dam. jpg/Wikimedia Commons, 9; Gregory Heath, CSIRO File: CSIRO ScienceImage 4531 Aerial view of

the Cataract Dam and Reservoir NSW 1999. jpg/Wikimedia Commons, 11; Per-Olow Anderson/File: Abusimbel. jpg/ Wikimedia Commons, 12; U. S. Navy photo Amy Hawkins/File: US Navy 060328-O-9999J-001 A wildlife biologist

contracted by the Navy uses a dip net to sample tadpoles in a wetland at a Travis Air Force Base Firing Range. jpg/ Wikimedia Commons, 13; Bob Pool/Photographers/Getty Images, 17; National Archives and Records Administration/

File: Completed tunnel lining at intake portal of Diversion Tunnel No. 4, view looking toward entrance. Pressure grouting jumbo seen in operation NARA - 293757. tif18/Wikimedia Commons, 18; Snapgalleria/Shutterstock. com,

19; ChinaFotoPress/ChinaFotoPress via Getty Images, 21; Oceanfishing/Shutterstock. com, 23; Ernest Walter Histed ( 1889-1947) File: Debris at the P. R. R. stone bridge after the Johnstown Flood, by Ernest Walter Histed, May 31st,

1889. jpg/Wikimedia Commons, 25; Chris Wilson For The Washington Post via Getty Images,

Printed in the United States of America

.

TABlE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: Water Worries

CHAPTER TWO: Planning a Dam

CHAPTER THREE: Building a Dam

CHAPTER FOUR: The River Is Tamed

Glossary

Find Out More

Index

About the Author

.

CHAPTER ONE

Water Worries

P eople and beavers are alike in one way. But beavers are relatives of mice and rats. How are they like people? Beavers and people both build dams.

A dam is a barrier, or wall, that keeps water from flowing freely. When a dam blocks a stream or river, water builds up behind the dam. A pool or lake forms.

.

Some dams happen on their own. Frozen water can make an ice dam. Rocks and dirt can slide down a hill to block a creek.

Other dams were built by people or beavers. These dams are built to solve problems.

Beaver Builders

What are a beavers problems? Why does a beaver need a dam?

A river once flowed through this valley. Now a dam controls the river and makes a lake.

.

Beavers build dams to make ponds. The ponds are where beavers escape from bigger animals that might eat them, such as bears or coyotes. Beavers are good swimmers and can hide in their ponds, out of reach.

Ponds are also where beavers store their food. Beavers eat sticks and wood. In summer they drag food into their ponds and pile it on the bottom. Even if the top of the pond freezes in winter, the beaver will not have to leave the safe pond to find food.

To build a dam, a beaver cuts down trees with its sharp teeth. It drags the trees into a stream and

Beavers are natural dam builders. Their dams can last for many years.

.

stacks them. Then the beaver fills the holes between the logs with mud and stones. When the dam is solid, water makes a pond behind the dam.

Why People Build Dams

People build dams for three main reasons:

To store water. The lake that forms behind a dam is called a reservoir. People can use water from the reservoir for drinking and watering their crops.

To control water flow. Dams let people control a river and prevent floods. Dams have spillways,

Spillways are tested on a dam in Georgia.

.

channels that let water flow over the dam, or through it, or around it. Dam operators open and close the spillways. This feeds a controlled amount of water into the river below the dam.

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