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Henry - Depth Charge: Royal Naval Mines, Depth Charges and Underwater Weapons 1914-1945

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Henry Depth Charge: Royal Naval Mines, Depth Charges and Underwater Weapons 1914-1945
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Depth Charge: Royal Naval Mines, Depth Charges and Underwater Weapons 1914-1945: summary, description and annotation

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Title Page; Copyright Page; Table of Contents; Acknowledgements; Chapter One -- Introduction; Chapter Two -- Herbert Taylor and the Experimental Mining School at HMS Vernon; Chapter Three -- Breakthrough! The invention of the depth charge; Chapter Four -- Depth charges, throwers and pistols; The depth charge in service; Drill; On the receiving end; Chapter Five -- Mines and their complexities; Independent minefields in home waters; Dover area minefields; The Folkestone -- Cap Gris Nez barrage; The Northern Barrage; The Heligoland Bight minefields; Improvements in minesweeping.;The history of weapons and warfare is usually written from the point of view of the battles fought and the tactics used. In naval warfare, in particular, the story of how these weapons were invented, designed and supplied is seldom told. Chris Henry, in this pioneering study, sets the record straight. He describes how, to counter the extraordinary threat posed by the U-boats in the world wars, the Royal Navy responded with weapons that kept open the vital supply routes of the Atlantic Ocean. He also celebrates the remarkable achievements of the engineers and inventors whose inspired work was es.

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Table of Contents Acknowledgements Writing a book on a very technical - photo 1
Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

Writing a book on a very technical subject is never an easy task. Without the aid of illustrations, it would be very difficult indeed to explain many of the concepts gathered here. I have several people to thank in helping me with this project: in particular, George Malcolmson of the Royal Navy Submarine Museum, who helped me with research and also with his own fabulous collection of early images, many of which grace this book.

I would also like to thank my colleague Ian Proctor, who carried out a lot of preliminary research at the National Archives, and Mike Hockers Hockin for inspiration and listening to my long diatribes about Herbert Taylor. Thanks also go to Alan Pilledge, who worked at West Leigh Cottage, and to his friend David Clark for their willingness to answer my e-mails with endlessly tedious questions. They were both eye-witnesses to some of the Second World War activities described in this book. Without their help, I would not have been able to follow through some of my leads nor get some of the more interesting titbits published here. Finally, I must mention members of the Naval Historical Branch of the MoD Captain Chris Page, Katherine Tildesley, Ian McKenzie and Jenny Wraight who helped me just as they were moving their archive from London to Portsmouth.

Many of the photographs reproduced here have come from the collection of Explosion, the Museum of Naval Firepower in Gosport, which was originally the Royal Naval Armament Depot of Priddys Hard. As Head of Collections at the museum, I have been privileged to work with this fine collection of artefacts. Amongst this treasure trove were the personal papers of Herbert John Taylor, which inspired me to write this book. The photographs are mainly glass-plate negatives some were used for training at HMS Vernon and others came from Vosper Thorneycroft at Woolston and none has been published before, to my knowledge.

Chris Henry
Gosport, Hants.
May 2005

Appendix
Herbert Taylors inventions

These are designs claimed by Taylor to have been invented solely by him.

Depth charges

C-type Depth Charge

C*-type Depth-Charge Pistol

C-type Primer

D-, D*- and G-type Depth-Charge Pistol Mark I and II (Patent Application No. 8929/16)

D-type Depth-Charge Pistol Mark III and V*

E*-type Depth-Charge Pistol

E-type Embodied Pistol

Primer Safety Gear for Depth Charge Mark I and II (Patent Application Nos 2928/16, 2929/ 16)

Primer Safety Gear Mark V for depth charges used in throwers (Patent Application No. 1526/17)

Float M Pistol (Patent Application No. 8929/16)

Hydrostatic Release Type I and II (Patent Application No. 8929/16)

Sinkers

Type K (Mark XIV), designed to meet requirements of depths from 100 1000 fathoms (600 6,000ft) for above-water laying

S, Type C (Mark XVI), for submarine laying

Hydrostatic anchor release, replaced the original mechanical release on the K sinker for above-water laying, provided with a leak hole to give delay; used on the P type sinker

Hydrostat Mark VII, adapted for use on the SV mine

Mines

Mine H, Type G, for above-water laying with sinker Type K and detachable charge case of 500lb or 320lb

Mine S, Type B, for submarine laying with Sinker B, Type C detachable charge case of 320lb

Mine H, Type H, barrel-belted mine designed for high buoyancy

Mechanism plate type L, for use with Mine H, Type G

Mechanism plate type M, for use with Mine S, Type B

Detonator release type A

Detonator release type B

Mine horn Mark IV, a small but important improvement on the Hertz horn, it was far more robust and relied on a simple switch operated by a ball-and-socket movement; subsequently used on many different types of British mines

Dashpot for SI and SII mine

Dashpot for SV mine

Holder and wedge for cutter wires (Patent Application No. 12777/16)

Additional ancillary objects

Clock electric type C , an internal clock design for up to 40 days operation, providing an accurate timing device unaffected by temperature and of use when a mine had been laid

Flooder type N

Relay type C

AC switch type E

Depth-taking gear

Primer M type B

Switch horns type A and B

Relay type E

Taylor also found time to carry out trials on other forms of naval ordnance equipment that didnt actually make it into service.

Sinkers

S Type A 80 fathoms (480ft)

Type N 100 1,000 fathoms (600 6,000ft)

Type P 80 fathoms (480ft)

Type S Fixed mooring

Simple sinker 200 fathoms (1,200ft)

Mines

Ground Mine M Type C, 1,000lb explosive with two magnetic CR rods six were produced but were not required by the Admiralty

Mine H, Type K, an anti-minesweeping device

Smoke mine several were produced and tried but not adopted

Mine CR F, a compound mine with CR and contacts, which was renamed the C-type J

This is just a small sample of the list of devices that Taylor was involved in and demonstrates his considerable inventiveness.

Bibliography

Primary sources

Explosion: Museum of Naval Firepower Archive and Priddys Hard Archive, Winchester Records Office

Annual Report of HMS Vernon , 1892 1918 (26 volumes)

A History of the Naval Ordnance Inspectorate by W Stillgate, 1951 [unpublished: copy at Explosion! The Museum of Naval Firepower]

PH2002.1355 Personal papers of Herbert Taylor

Superintendent Armament Supply Officer, Priddys Hard, memorandum for inclusion in Technical History in regard to storage of ammunition and development of depots, Priddys Hard, 30 January 1919 (Priddys Hard Museum Archive)

Proceedings of the Ordnance Committee, 1927 45

BR 1669 (1) (6) Depth-charge technical manuals

BR 1063 Depth-charge Pocket Book, Torpedo and Mining Department, 1944

Naval Historical Branch, Portsmouth

Italian depth-charge manuals, German technical manuals and HMS Vernon evaluations of the weapons of other navies

Royal Navy Submarine Archive, Gosport, Hampshire

A1944/002, A1938/002, A1977/061, A1930/001, A1992/101, A2000/363

List of German submarines sunk on operations during World War One (revd Sep. 1987)

National Archives (formerly the Public Records Office), Kew, London

Documents ADM 199/1175, ADM 1/13941, ADM 1/14811, TS 32/87, ADM 1/25246, TS 27/753, ADM 189/99, ADM 186/368, ADM 1/12522

Patent Office, London

Patents 247,695; 157,997; 277,385; 277,386; 295,145; 295,586; 163,340

Authors collection

Personal memories of West Leigh employees David Clark and Alan Pilledge, in letters and e-mails

Secondary sources

Armstrong, Sir George Elliot, bart, Torpedoes and Torpedo-Vessels, etc. , Bell & Sons: London, 1901

Beevor, A, Crete: The battle and the resistance , Penguin: London, 1991

Bennett, G M, Naval Battles of the First World War , Penguin: London, 2001

Brennecke, J, The Hunter and the Hunted , Burke: London, 1958

Buchheim, L G, U-boat War , Collins: London, 1978

Busch, H, U-boats at War , Putnam: London, 1955

Campbell, N J M, Naval Weapons of World War Two , Conway Maritime Press: London, 1985

Cope-Cornford, L, The Paravane Adventure , Hodder & Stoughton: London, 1919

Cowie, J S, Mines, Minelayers and Minesweeping , OUP: Oxford, 1951

Director of Underwater Weapons, Technical history of anti-submarine weapons, Director of Underwater Weapons Departmental, 24 February 1950

Dommett, W E, Submarine Vessels: including mines, torpedoes, guns, steering, propelling and navigating apparatus: and with notes on submarine offensive and defensive tactics, and exploits in the present war containing 21 illustrations, etc. , Whittaker & Co: London, 1915

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