Dirk Jan Barreveld - Cushing’s Coup: The True Story of How Lt. Col. James Cushing and His Filipino Guerrillas Captured Japans Plan Z
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- Book:Cushing’s Coup: The True Story of How Lt. Col. James Cushing and His Filipino Guerrillas Captured Japans Plan Z
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This work reveals one of the most important intelligence triumphs of World War II. It was no less than the capture of Japans Plan Zthe Empires fully detailed strategy for prosecuting the last stages of the Pacific War. Its a story of happenstance, mayhem, and intrigue, and resulted directly in the spectacular U.S. victory in the Philippine Sea and MacArthurs early return to Manila, doubtless shortening WWII by months.
One night in April 1944, Admiral Koga (successor to Yamamoto), commander-in-chief of Japanese forces in the Pacific, took off in a seaplane to establish new headquarters. For security reasons he had his chief-of-staff, Rear Admiral Fukudome, fly in a separate seaplane. But both aircraft ran into a tremendous typhoon and were knocked out of the skies. Kogas plane crashed with the loss of all hands. Fukudomes crashlanded into the sea off Cebu, the Philippines, and both the admiral and the precious Japanese war plans floated ashore.
Lt. Col. James M. Cushing was an American mining engineer who happened to be in Cebu when war broke out in the Pacific. He soon took charge of the local guerrillas and became a legendary leader. But his most spectacular exploit came when he captured Admiral Fukudome and the Plan Z that was in his tow. The result was a ferocious cat-and-mouse game between Cushings guerrillas and the Japanese occupation forces. While Cushing desperately sent out messages to MacArthur to say what he had found, the Japanese scoured the entire countryside, killing hundreds of civilians in a full-scale attempt to retrieve their loss.
Cushing finally traded the admiral in return for a cessation of civilian deathsbut he still secretly retained the Japanese war plans. Naturally both Tokyo and Washington tried to cover up what was happening at the timeneither wanted the other to know what theyd lost, or what theyd found. However, in this book we finally learn of the huge intelligence coup by Lt. Col. Cushing that helped to shorten the entire war.
Table of Contents
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PART ONE: THE PACIFIC ON FIRE
PROLOGUE: THE ORIGINS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
1 THE OTSU INCIDENT
2 JOINING THE GOLD RUSH
3 THE MAGIC OF CEBU
4 SITUATION UNTENABLE
5 THE HUNT FOR PLAN Z
6 JAPAN AND WORLD WAR II
7 UNDER ATTACK!
8 THE AMERICAN SURRENDER
9 THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF CEBU
PART TWO: GUERRILLA WARFARE IN CEBU, PHILIPPINES
10 THE BIRTH OF A GUERRILLA ARMY
11 TABUNAN
12 JAPANESE COUNTERATTACKS
13 GUERRILLA WARFARE IN THE PHILIPPINES
14 THE BATTLE FOR TABUNAN
15 THE STRUGGLE FOR RECOGNITION
PART THREE: THE Z-PLAN
16 THE CODE BREAKERS
17 THE DOCUMENTS THAT CHANGED THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC
18 PLAN Z IN AMERICAN HANDS
19 GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR AND THE PHILIPPINES
20 PLANNING THE RETURN
21 I HAVE RETURNED
22 THE LIBERATION OF CEBU
PART FOUR: EPILOGUE
23 THE END OF WORLD WAR II
24 THE OTSU INCIDENT IN HINDSIGHT
25 LIEUTENANT COLONEL JAMES M. CUSHING
ENDNOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
One night in April 1944, Admiral Koga (successor to Yamamoto), commander-in-chief of Japanese forces in the Pacific, took off in a seaplane to establish new headquarters. For security reasons he had his chief-of-staff, Rear Admiral Fukudome, fly in a separate seaplane. But both aircraft ran into a tremendous typhoon and were knocked out of the skies. Kogas plane crashed with the loss of all hands. Fukudomes crashlanded into the sea off Cebu, the Philippines, and both the admiral and the precious Japanese war plans floated ashore.
Lt. Col. James M. Cushing was an American mining engineer who happened to be in Cebu when war broke out in the Pacific. He soon took charge of the local guerrillas and became a legendary leader. But his most spectacular exploit came when he captured Admiral Fukudome and the Plan Z that was in his tow. The result was a ferocious cat-and-mouse game between Cushings guerrillas and the Japanese occupation forces. While Cushing desperately sent out messages to MacArthur to say what he had found, the Japanese scoured the entire countryside, killing hundreds of civilians in a full-scale attempt to retrieve their loss.
Cushing finally traded the admiral in return for a cessation of civilian deathsbut he still secretly retained the Japanese war plans. Naturally both Tokyo and Washington tried to cover up what was happening at the timeneither wanted the other to know what theyd lost, or what theyd found. However, in this book we finally learn of the huge intelligence coup by Lt. Col. Cushing that helped to shorten the entire war.
Table of Contents
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PART ONE: THE PACIFIC ON FIRE
PROLOGUE: THE ORIGINS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
1 THE OTSU INCIDENT
2 JOINING THE GOLD RUSH
3 THE MAGIC OF CEBU
4 SITUATION UNTENABLE
5 THE HUNT FOR PLAN Z
6 JAPAN AND WORLD WAR II
7 UNDER ATTACK!
8 THE AMERICAN SURRENDER
9 THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF CEBU
PART TWO: GUERRILLA WARFARE IN CEBU, PHILIPPINES
10 THE BIRTH OF A GUERRILLA ARMY
11 TABUNAN
12 JAPANESE COUNTERATTACKS
13 GUERRILLA WARFARE IN THE PHILIPPINES
14 THE BATTLE FOR TABUNAN
15 THE STRUGGLE FOR RECOGNITION
PART THREE: THE Z-PLAN
16 THE CODE BREAKERS
17 THE DOCUMENTS THAT CHANGED THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC
18 PLAN Z IN AMERICAN HANDS
19 GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR AND THE PHILIPPINES
20 PLANNING THE RETURN
21 I HAVE RETURNED
22 THE LIBERATION OF CEBU
PART FOUR: EPILOGUE
23 THE END OF WORLD WAR II
24 THE OTSU INCIDENT IN HINDSIGHT
25 LIEUTENANT COLONEL JAMES M. CUSHING
ENDNOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dirk Jan Barreveld: author's other books
Who wrote Cushing’s Coup: The True Story of How Lt. Col. James Cushing and His Filipino Guerrillas Captured Japans Plan Z? Find out the surname, the name of the author of the book and a list of all author's works by series.
Carl L. Steinhouse
CDR David J. Jerabek
James Kelly Morningstar
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Published in the United States of America and Great Britain in 2015 by
CASEMATE PUBLISHERS
908 Darby Road, Havertown, PA 19083
and
10 Hythe Bridge Street, Oxford, OX1 2EW
CASEMATE PUBLISHERS
908 Darby Road, Havertown, PA 19083
and
10 Hythe Bridge Street, Oxford, OX1 2EW
Copyright 2015 Stichting Sagip Kabayan
ISBN: 978-1-61200-307-8
Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-61200-308-5
Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-61200-308-5
Cataloging-in-publication data is available from the Library of Congress and the British Library.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing.
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CONTENTS
PREFACE
W ORLD WAR II ended 70 years ago, after resulting in somewhere between 50 and 70 million fatalities. Many millions more people were displaced or lost friends and relatives. Certainly, in hindsight, it is unimaginable what the world did to itself. Thousands and thousands of books have been written about the war, the horrors, the successes and failures, and of course about the heroes. Notwithstanding the vast literature there are still important stories that have never been told. The story of Lt. Colonel James M. Cushing is one of those untold sagas. It is a story about a simple American mining engineer on the Philippine Island of Cebu during World War II after the Japanese Empire had ridden roughshod across the Pacific.
James Cushing, Jim to his friends, became a feared and highly successful guerrilla leader on his island. He and his guerrillas managed to stand up for more than four years against an overwhelming force of 10,000 Japanese soldiers and managed to capture not only the Chief of Staff of the Imperial Japanese Navy, but also the complete 1944 Naval Battle Strategy of Japan (the so called Plan Z). Knowledge gained from these plans was subsequently instrumental in the Allied victory in the Battle of the Philippine Sea (June 1944) and the Battle of Leyte Gulf (October 1944). Because of Jim Cushings actions, General Douglas MacArthur managed to shorten the war in the Pacific by at least two months, thus saving the lives of thousands of Allied soldiers and sailors as well as civilians on both sides. Jims forces were confirmed to have killed 10,400 Japanese soldiers during their four and a half year struggle.
On the special orders of General MacArthur, the capture of Admiral Fukudome, Chief Staff of the Japanese Imperial Navy, and Japans Naval Battle Strategy were kept under extreme secrecy That is why the story was never told.
In the midst of all the death and destruction, the misery and sorrow, of World War II, Colonel James M. Cushing was a shining example of what a human being under extreme circumstances could do and achieve. And not only achieve, but be able to survive all the odds that were against him. He could have told his story after the war, like so many war heroes did. However, that was not the way James Cushing was. He shrugged his shoulders, took a beer, and went on with his life. The war was over, that was it.
General Douglas McArthur calls Cushings capture of Admiral Shigeru Fukudome in his auto-biography Reminiscences-, one of the most dramatic incidents of the war. Actually MacArthur pays more attention in his book to Colonel James Cushing than to all the other Filipino guerrilla commanders together.
Of course Cushings activities were not completely forgotten. In the 1970s Col. Manuel F. Segura, a former World War II guerillero himself, and a comrade in arms of Cushing, paid attention to his deeds in several of his books. Steven Trent Smith, in his The Rescue, also mentions Cushing. But never, until now, has Cushing taken his place as the central figure in the story. It is, in my view, high time to put Col. James M. Cushing full in the floodlights. It is certainly not exaggerated to nominate Col. James M. Cushing as one of the greatestest heroes of World War II in the Pacific.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
T HERE ARE VERY few eyewitnesses left from the guerrilla movement on Cebu Island from World War II. By now they are all in their nineties, and most no longer have a clear memory of what happened in those days. There was one exception: Retired Philippine Colonel Manuel F. Segura. Segura, born in 1919, became one of the cornerstones of the Cebu guerrilla movement. His memory, as I found out, was still crystal clear. Unfortunately he passed away in November 2013 at the age of 94. I had no other choice than to base this book mainly on the numerous written sources that can be found in the archives of many libraries and archives worldwide. I am deeply indebted to the many librarians who helped me in selecting the material.
Dirk J. Barreveld
Manila, February 2015
PART ONE
THE PACIFIC ON FIRE
PROLOGUE: THE ORIGINS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
W ARS DO NOT erupt suddenly like volcanoes. They are usually the result of a long process of frustration, deliberate or coincidental misunderstanding, and different interpretation of certain facts or events. People and politicians often do not like to listen to arguments which they do not like. Often political decisions are not based on logical thinking, but on fear or misinterpretation of possibilities. Furthermore, winners often cannot resist humiliating losers. Then there is the media that plays its own role. World War II was a war between Germany, Italy and Japan on one side, against the rest of the world.
The origin of Germanys move to war lay in its late unification in the 19th century, which caused it to largely miss the great era of colonial expansion. The countrys latent dynamism burst into the Great War in Europe, which Germany narrowly lost, and which resulted in the treaties of Versailles and Saint Germain, both concluded in 1919. The peace treaties were, first and foremost, designed to humiliate the supposed instigator of the conflict. Germany lost not only a considerable part of its territory, but also had to pay enormous amounts of reparations. It was also limited in having an army, navy and air force. The Germans felt they had been degraded to a second-class state, which for the former Holy Roman Empire was a disgrace. The Treaty of Versailles was signed in a railway car in the Compigne Forest near Paris.
From the very beginning it was clear that Germany could not pay the reparations, and combined with the economic depression of the late 1920s and 1930s, the country became a showcase of poverty and misery. The situation gave rise to Adolf Hitler, who resurrected German strength, and promptly launched a reprise of the Great War in order to re-establish German power once and for all. The mindset of the Germans can easily be judged on the fact that when France surrendered in 1940 Hitler demanded that the surrender had to be signed in the same place and in the same railway car as the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919.
With Japan it was not much different. Japan was isolated for more than 300 years from the rest of the world, and the only Western country allowed to trade with it was the Netherlands. The opening up of Japan by US Commodore Perry, over the barrel of a gun, in 1854 was felt by most Japanese as a huge loss of face. Asians have extremely long memories. This loss of face had to be corrected one time. Gradually Japan modernized, but it never became a democratic nation such as Europe or the USA. In its build-up to a modern industrialized country it became more and more hindered by the lack of raw materials. In 1910 it annexed Korea. In 1931 it took Manchuria. In 1937 it invaded China. In these times it started to promote the
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