David A. Koplow - By Fire and Ice: Dismantling Chemical Weapons While Preserving the Environment

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: COLD WAR SECURITY STUDIES

Volume 9

BY FIRE AND ICE

First published in 1997 by Gordon and Breach Publishers

This edition first published in 2021

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1997 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) Amsterdam B.V.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-367-56630-2 (Set)

ISBN: 978-1-00-312438-2 (Set) (ebk)

ISBN: 978-0-367-61180-4 (Volume 9) (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-00-310450-6 (Volume 9) (ebk)

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer

The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

By Fire and Ice

Dismantling Chemical Weapons While Preserving the Environment

David A. Koplow

Georgetown University Law CenterWashington DC

Copyright 1997 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) Amsterdam B.V. Published under license under the Gordon and Breach Publishers imprint.

All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in India.

Amsteldijk 166

1st Floor

1079 LH Amsterdam

The Netherlands

Front cover: U.S. Army photograph, Visual Information Division/CRDEC.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Koplow, David A.

By fire and ice : dismantling chemical weapons while

preserving the environment. -

(Science & global security monograph series; v. 3)

1. Chemical weapons disposal - Environmental aspects

I. Title

623.445

ISBN 90-5699-560-X

To Karen

CONTENTS

Introduction to the Series

II The Public Policy of Arms Control

A. Dismantling Obligations Under Early Treaties

B. Immodest Contention over Modest Accomplishments

C. The Modern Era of Real Reductions

D. Conversion of Defense Assets

Endnotes

III The Public Policy of Chemical Weaponry

A. The Evolution of Chemical Warfare

B. The Evolution of the CWC

C. The CWCs Elimination Requirements

D. The Existing CW Arsenals

1. The active stockpile

2. Non-stockpile materiel

3. CW-related facilities

4. Projected costs

Endnotes

IV The Public Policy of Environmental Protection

A. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

B. Clean Air Act (CAA)

C. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

D. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

E. Clean Water Act (CWA)

F. Other Environmental Laws Relevant to the CWC

G. Other Relevant Legislation

Endnotes

V Resolving Legal Conflicts: The Supremacy Clause

A. Treaties and Statutes

B. The States and the CWC

Endnotes

VI Options for Dismantling Chemical Weapons

A. Failed Alternatives

B. The Armys Current Stockpile Destruction Program

C. Alternative Technologies for Destroying CW

Endnotes

VII International Ramifications

Endnotes

VIII A Digression: Comparisons to the World of Nuclear Disarmament

A. Another World

1. We have met the enemy

2. The pricetag

3. Green vs. peace

4. NIMBY strikes

5. Bilateralism and multilateralism

6. Dismantling technologies

7. Transportation

B. Where Weapons Differthe Uniqueness of Nuclear Arms

1. The destructive power of nuclear arms

2. The symbolic power of nuclear arms

3. A smaller universe of concern

4. Conspicuous facilities

5. Costs

6. Dual capability

7. Quantities to destroy

8. The permanent hazard

9. The timing of the operations

C. Current Efforts at Nuclear Dismantling

Endnotes

IX Recommendations

A. BendBut Not BreakExisting Environmental Law

B. TwistBut Not Shatterthe CWC

C. Defeator At Least OffsetNIMBY

D. Gulp Hard AtBut Swallowthe Budgetary Implications

E. Mobilizeand ExpandOur Diplomatic Assets

F. Analyzeand Preservethe Lessons of the Exercise

Endnotes

X Conclusion

Endnotes

1. Introduction to the Series
2. II The Public Policy of Arms Control
   1. A. Dismantling Obligations Under Early Treaties
   2. B. Immodest Contention over Modest Accomplishments
   3. C. The Modern Era of Real Reductions
   4. D. Conversion of Defense Assets
   5. Endnotes
3. III The Public Policy of Chemical Weaponry
   1. A. The Evolution of Chemical Warfare
   2. B. The Evolution of the CWC
   3. C. The CWCs Elimination Requirements
   4. D. The Existing CW Arsenals
      1. 1. The active stockpile
      2. 2. Non-stockpile materiel
      3. 3. CW-related facilities
      4. 4. Projected costs
   5. Endnotes
4. IV The Public Policy of Environmental Protection
   1. A. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
   2. B. Clean Air Act (CAA)
   3. C. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
   4. D. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
   5. E. Clean Water Act (CWA)
   6. F. Other Environmental Laws Relevant to the CWC
   7. G. Other Relevant Legislation
   8. Endnotes
5. V Resolving Legal Conflicts: The Supremacy Clause
   1. A. Treaties and Statutes
   2. B. The States and the CWC
   3. Endnotes
6. VI Options for Dismantling Chemical Weapons
   1. A. Failed Alternatives
   2. B. The Armys Current Stockpile Destruction Program
   3. C. Alternative Technologies for Destroying CW
   4. Endnotes
7. VII International Ramifications
   1. Endnotes
8. VIII A Digression: Comparisons to the World of Nuclear Disarmament
   1. A. Another World
      1. 1. We have met the enemy
      2. 2. The pricetag
      3. 3. Green vs. peace

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