Stephanie Paris - Engineering: Feats & Failures

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Stephanie Paris

Engineering

Engineering

Feats Failures

&

Teacher Created Materials

5301 Oceanus Drive

Huntington Beach, CA 92649-1030

http://www.tcmpub.com

ISBN 978-1-4333-4871-6

2013 Teacher Created Materials, Inc.

Consultants

Timothy Rasinski, Ph.D.

Kent State University

Lori Oczkus

Literacy Consultant

John Ferguson, AIA

Architect

Based on writing from

TIME For Kids. TIME For Kids and the TIME

For Kids logo are registered trademarks of

TIME Inc. Used under license.

Publishing Credits

Dona Herweck Rice , Editor-in-Chief

Lee Aucoin , Creative Director

Jamey Acosta , Senior Editor

Lexa Hoang , Designer

Stephanie Reid , Photo Editor

Rane Anderson , Contributing Author

Rachelle Cracchiolo , M.S.Ed., Publisher

Image Credits:

cover, pp.1, 3233, 38

(bottom), 41 (left & right) NASA; pp.9 (top) 26

(bottom) Alamy; p.27 (bottom) Associated

Press; p.40 (left) Bridgeman Art; p.2627

Bettmann/Corbis; pp.11 (top), 15 (top), 19

(bottom) Getty Images; p.12 (background)

duncan1890/iStockphoto; pp.1213, 2425, 35

Janelle Bell-Martin; p.40 (right) Emory Kristof/

National Geographic Stock; pp.1819, 20

(bottom) akg-images/Newscom; pp.29 (top

right), 34 (bottom) EPA/Newscom; pp.2021,

41 (top) picture-alliance/Judaica-Samml/

Newscom; p.29 (bottom left) REUTERS/

Newscom; p.1415 North Wind Picture

Archives; All other images from Shutterstock.

Synched Read-Along Version by:

Triangle Interactive LLC

PO Box 573

Prior Lake, MN 55372

ISBN-13: 978-1-68444-928-6 (e-book)

Table

Contents

Making It Work ................

Early Engineers ................

The Industrial Age .............

Engineering Today .............

Glossary .....................

Index .......................

Bibliography .................

More to Explore ...............

About the Author ..............

of

Making It

Work

Scientists learn things. But engineers do

things. Engineers use science and math to make

things. Sometimes, they solve a big problem.

They may find a way to build a bridge across a

river. Other times, they make life easier. It was

an engineer who figured out how to make water

flow from a sink.

For thousands of years, engineers have

made huge buildings. They have created great

machines. Again and again, they find brilliant

ways to solve problems. But engineers are

people. And people make mistakes. Sometimes,

the most amazing feats turn into terrible failures.

How is new technology developed?

Why are failures and mistakes big

parts of success?

How have advances in science,

technology, and engineering

improved our lives?

Early

Engineers

The Great Pyramid

of Giza

Ancient engineers made huge structures with

basic tools. They used ramps, levers, and simple

rollers. These tools helped them build monuments

that still impress people today. People are still

trying to figure out how these ancient engineers

did their work!

Because they were built so long ago, few ancient

feats can still be seen today. But there are some.

The Great Pyramid is the only Ancient Wonder of

the World that still exists. It was built as a tomb for

Pharaoh Khufu. It is nearly feet high. Each

side measures feet long. It is made from over

two million blocks of stone. Each block weighs over

two tons! Scientists think workers built large wooden

ramps. Then, they dragged each block into place.

There are seven official Ancient Wonders of the

World, including gardens, monuments, temples,

and a great lighthouse. All the ancient wonders

were built between 2650

BC

and

BC.

Pyramid Workers

If the Great Pyramid has 2,300,000 stones

and each stone weighs 2.5 tons, how heavy is

the Great Pyramid?

2.5 tons x 2,300,000 stones = ?

Monument Math

Egyptian records show that many of

the pyramid workers were forced to

work. But they were treated well by the

standards of the time. There were rules

about how many hours they could work

each day. They had fair wages, and there

were even official holidays.

The Great Wall

Ancient Chinese rulers had a problem. They

needed a better way to stop invaders. So they built

a wall nearly feet tall and 2,000 miles long. The

wall wasnt built overnight. It took close to 1,800

years to complete.

The wall was made in segments. The segments

were connected over many years. Together, they

form the giant wall that exists today. Passes

allowed people to travel from one side of the wall

to the other. Soldiers watched for danger from

signal towers.

Engineers used rivers, lakes, and mountains

to extend the wall. With these natural

dividers, the wall protects over 5,500 miles.

The Great Failure

Even though the Great Wall is the longest wall

in the world, eventually it failed to keep out

invaders. Genghis Khan (GANG-gus KAHN) , a

Mongol ruler, and his army were a threat to

China. In part, the wall was built to stop them,

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