David Nicolle - Fighting for the Faith: The Many Fronts of Crusade & Jihad 1000-1500 AD

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First published in Great Britain in 2007 by

Pen & Sword Military

an imprint of

Pen & Sword Books Ltd

47 Church Street

Barnsley

South Yorkshire

S70 2AS

Copyright David Nicolle 2007

9781781594568

The right of David Nicolle to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing.

Typeset in Plantin by Phoenix Typesetting, Auldgirth, Dumfriesshire

Printed and bound in England by Biddles Ltd, Kings Lynn

Pen & Sword Books Ltd incorporates the Imprints of Pen & Sword Aviation,
Pen & Sword Maritime, Pen & Sword Military, Wharncliffe Local History,
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For a complete list of Pen & Sword titles please contact

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Table of Contents

List of Plates

Plates found between pp. 112 and 113

1. Joshua depicted as a high-ranking Byzantine soldier, 10th century.
2. Ivory box depicting Byzantine light infantry of the 11th or 12th century.
3. Arms recovered from early 11th century shipwreck at Serce Liman, off Marmaris.
4. Carved column showing demon with early crossbow, circa 1100.
5. Archangel Michael depicted destroying Saljuq Turks outside Antioch.
6. Carving of sleeping soldiers from the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem.
7. Bronze cathedral doors from Novgorod, showing German arms and armour, mid-12th century.
8. Balkan archer using composite bow, 13th century.
9. Horse archer, early 13th century.
10. Fatimid soldiers, 11th-12th centuries.
11. Mounted and armoured knight, Sudan, early 11th century
12. Ceramic grenade, used to throw naft or Greek fire.
13. Horseman in lamellar and mail armour, Syria, 12th or early 13th century.
14. Mamluk cavalryman, late 13th or early 14th century.
15. Clay or stucco head in Turkish style helmet, 12th or 13th century.
16. Sandstone relief of Indian warrior from Rajastan, 10th century.
17. Battle scene from the Shahnamah Persian epic, early 14th century.
18. Early 14th century relief of an Aragonese or Catalan horseman.
19. Helmet of Boabdil from Granada, 15th century.
20. Roland slaying Faragut, showing Iberian arms, late 12th century.
21. Mongol horsemen from a Topkapi manuscript.
22. Mongols attacking a citadel of faith from an early 14th century Russian chronicle.
23. Fully armoured man-at-arms, wall painting from Istrian Peninsula, 1479.
24. Light cavalry depicted on Bogomil tomb, Bosnia, mid-15th century.
25. Relief showing Hungarian arms, circa 1490.
26. Covered docks for galleys at Alanya, built by Saljuq Turks of Rum in 1227.
27. A typical 15th century Italian merchant ship.
28. A veuglaire type of later 14th century cannon.
29. Fortified church, Transylvania, 13th or 14th century.
30. Tower of the Kremlin of Novgorod, dating from 15th century.
31. Toompea Castle, Tallinn, Estonia, 13th or 14th centuries.
32. City walls of Avila, central Spain, 12th century.
33. Muslim Albarana tower.
34. Corner tower of Crusader castle of Chastel Rouge, Syria.
35. Machicolations on the gatehouse of early 13th century citadel of Aleppo.
36. The castle of al-Rahba, Euphrates valley, mostly 12th or 13th century.
37. Remians of mud-brick defenses at Bukhara in Uzbekistan.
38. Citadel of Harat in Afghanistan, dated to 15th century Timurid period.
39. Castle of Anamur, coast of Armenian Cilicia, largely 13th to 14th century.
40. Interior of Byzantine tower on Constantinoples land walls, showing embrasures for counter-siege machines.

Maps

1. Europe, circa 1180

2. Europe, circa 1382

3. Europe, Africa and Asia, circa 1100

3. Europe, Africa and Western Asia, circa 1300

5. The Middle East in the Early Twelfth Century

6. Outremer, circa 1223

7. Outremer, circa 1328

8. Al-Andalus and the Further Maghrib from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century

9. The Conquest of the Islamic Amirate of Granada in the Late Fifteenth Century

Introduction

The early medieval period saw the foundations of two major new civilisations being laid, those of medieval Christian Europe and of the Islamic World. They emerged as much as partners as they did as rivals, and the current popular concept of a supposedly inevitable clash of civilisations has no foundation in historical fact. Nevertheless, the worlds of medieval Christendom and medieval Islam often found themselves at war, while also being partners in trade and cultural exchange. Furthermore, both had other rivals, not merely each other. Hence many of those campaigns which were, justly or unjustly, graced with the titles of Crusade or Jihad, were fought against pagans, Hindus, Buddhists, Manichaeans or other third parties. All too often their targets were fellow believers such as Orthodox rather than Latin-Catholic Christians, or Shia rather than Sunni Muslims.

Although western Christendom had regained some of its economic and military strength by the eighth century AD, the first aggressive thrusts into a wider world occurred three centuries later, beginning with the Spanish (or more correctly Iberian) Reconquista , the German Zug nach dem Osten (or expansion eastwards) into previously pagan Slav lands, and the Norman conquest of Islamic-ruled Sicily. These thrusts would soon be followed by Crusades, initially against the Islamic peoples of the Middle East but then against pagan Baltic and Finnic peoples in the Baltic region. These were in turn followed by Crusades against Orthodox fellow Christians in the Byzantine Empire, the Balkans and Russia, as well as against perceived heretics within Latin-Catholic Christian Western Europe.

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