Karl Hack - Defence and Decolonisation in South-East Asia: Britain, Malaya and Singapore 1941-1967

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DEFENCE AND DECOLONISATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

DEFENCE AND DECOLONISATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Britain, Malaya and Singapore 19411968

Karl Hack

First Published in 2001
by Curzon Press

Published 2013 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2001 Karl Hack

Typeset in Times by LaserScript Ltd, Mitcham, Surrey

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book has been requested

ISBN 13: 978-0-700-71303-5 (hbk)

Contents

Preface

Since this book focuses on Britains interaction with Malaya and Singapore, the spelling used in British documents has been preferred. Hence Chou En-Lai not Zhou Enlai, Ceylon not Sri Lanka. Tonkin, however, has been preferred to Tongking. Indochina is used to denote the area covered by Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, and Malaya for the area covered by the Malayan Federation of 194863. That is, for the Malayan peninsula excluding Singapore. Southeast Asia is assumed to lie east of India but west of Hainan, south of China but north of Australia. Excluding Burma, this forms an unruly crescent shape, arcing from Tonkin to Papua New Guinea.

Except where otherwise labelled, archival material is from the Public Records Office at Kew Gardens, London. Crown copyright material is reproduced by permission of the Controller of Her Majestys Stationary Office. I have also received invaluable assistance at the National Libraries of Scotland and Australia, Durham University, the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (Singapore), the Australian archives in Canberra, the Oxford libraries of Rhodes House, Queen Elizabeth House and Room 132 of the Bodleian, and at Singapores National Institute of Education and National University libraries.

Equally, a project of this size would be impossible without the help of many individuals. First and foremost, I owe an inestimable debt to Dr Peter Carey and Dr John Darwin. Their expertise illuminated Southeast Asia and British imperialism. Their sense of style turned a stodgy dumpling into something more readable. Most of the merits of this project originate with them, the defects with me.

In Singapore, I need to thank the Defence Section of the British High Commission. In Australia, Gregory Pemberton, Peter Dennis, Chris Waters, and David Lowe provided stimulation, as did A.J. Stockwell and Ralph Smiths Southeast Asia seminar in London. I should also mention Professor Mary Turnbull, Richard Aldrich, W.J. Stockton, Leon Comber, the late Guy Madoc, Mr Lee Liang Hye, and Mr Toh Boon Kwan. My colleague, Kam Tin Seong provided a map of Malaya. Cheah Boon Kheng and Brian Farrell kindly commented on drafts, and I owe Chin Peng thanks for allowing historians to interrogate him. Most importantly, my wife, Vanessa, edited and suffered. I hope this work offers recompense to everyone, though I take responsibility for the views and mistakes herein.

appeared in Iron Claws on Malaya: The Historiography of the Malayan Emergency, in the Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 30, 1 (1999). I am grateful to the editors for permission to reproduce the relevant sections here.

Key and Glossary

AIR	Air Ministry.
AHS	(Australian) Historical Studies.
AJPH	Australian Journal of Political History.
ANZAM	Australian, New Zealand and Malayan Area. An area for which the Australian defence machinery was to coordinate Commonwealth war plans.
ANZUS	Australia, New Zealand and United States agreement.
BDCC(FE)	British Defence Coordinating Committee (Far East).
CAB	Cabinet.
CIC(s)	Commander(s)-in-Chief.
CIGS	Chief of the Imperial General Staff, the armys professional head and representative on the Chiefs of Staff Committee.
CIO	Central Office of Information (UK Government)
CO	Colonial Office.
COS	British Chiefs of Staff/Chief of Staff.
CRA	Commonwealth Records Archives, Canberra, Australia.
CRO	Commonwealth Relations Office, London.
DEA	Australian Department of External Affairs.
DEFE	Ministry of Defence documents.
DO	Dominions Office/Dominions Office documents.
DOO	Director of Operations (Malaya). In charge of coordinating the police and service operations, but without executive authority over them, or over the civilian administration.
FE	Far East.
FO	Foreign Office.
FRUS	Foreign Relations of the United States, official published volumes on American foreign relations.
IA	International Affairs.
IHR	International History Review.
INS	Intelligence and National Security
ISEAS	Institute of South East Studies, Singapore
JCCP	Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics.
JCS	United States Joint Chiefs of Staff.
JIC	Joint Intelligence Committee.
JICH	Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History.
JMBRAS	Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.
JPS	British Joint Planning Staff.
JSEAS	Journal of Southeast Asian Studies.
JSS	Journal of the Siam Society.
kampong	Malay village or fishing settlement.
KP	Killearn Papers, St Antonys College, Oxford.
LHCMA	Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, Kings College, London.
LPP	Lloyd Philips Papers, Rhodes House, Oxford.

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