John Wacher - The Roman World, Volume 1

THE
ROMANWORLD

THE
ROMANWORLD

EDITED BY
JOHN WACHER

Emeritus Professor of Archaeology
University of Leicester

Volume I

First published 1987 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd

First published in paperback 1990
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Reissued in paperback 2002

Transferred to Digital Printing 2009

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

Routledge 1987, 1990,2002

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN10: 0-415-26315-8 (Volume I)
ISBN10: 0-415-26316-6 (Volume II)
ISBN10: 0-415-26314-X (Set)

ISBN13: 978-0-415-26315-3 (Volume I)
ISBN13: 978-0-415-26316-0 (Volume II)
ISBN13: 978-0-415-26314-6 (Set)

VOLUME I

John Wacher

PART 2
THERISEOFTHEEMPIRE

John Collis

Keith Branigan

David C. Braund

PART 3
THEARMY

G. R. Watson

Alistair Scott Anderson

R. S. O. Tomlin

PART 4
THEFRONTIERS

Valerie A. Maxfield

David J. Breeze

Charles Daniels

David Kennedy

PART 5
CITIESTOWNSANDVILLAGES

Barbara Levick

J. F. Drinkwater

Andrew Poulter

PART 6
GOVERNMENTANDLAW

Graham Burton

Elizabeth Green

J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz

VOLUME II

PART 7
RURALLIFE

Agriculture and horticulture
Stan Rees

Animal husbandry
Shimon Applebaum

The villa in Italy and the provinces
John Percival

Bibliography for Part 7

PART 8
THEECONOMY

Imperial estates
Dorothy J. Thompson

The monetary system
John Kent

Industrial growth
W. H. Manning

Mining
Ann Woods

Trade within the Empire and beyond the frontiers
A. J. Parker

Transport by land and water
Alan McWhirr

Bibliography for Part 8

PART 9
SOCIETY

Romans and non-Romans
Mark Hassall

Labour
P. A. Brunt

Society and the artist
T. F. C. Blagg

Bibliography for Part 9

PART 10
RELIGIONANDBURIAL

Classical religions
John Ferguson

Ruler-worship
John Ferguson

Provincial cults
Miranda J. Green

The rise of Christianity
Jill Harries

Burial customs of Rome and the provinces
Richard Jones

Bibliography for Part 10

PART 11
POSTSCRIPT

Post-script
John Wacher

Index

13.14 Relief of a draper's shop from Arlon, Belgium

18.1 Reconstructed hafting of a copy of a Roman scythe from Great Chesterford (Museum of English Rural Life, Reading)

18.2 A harvesting machine shown on a relief from Montaubon (Muse Gaumais, Virton)

18.3 Animals used on a modern threshing-floor at Santorini

18.4 Representations of olive and grape harvests on a mosaic from St-Romain-en-Gal (Museum, St-Romain-en-Laye)

19.1 Transport by ox-waggon in Asia; a sculptured frieze from Ephesus (The British Museum)

19.2 A group of bronze figurines from Civit Castellana, Italy (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

19.3 Part of a large sarcophagus from Rome showing a road scene with an ox-cart, horse and rider, and a dog (Museo delle Terme, Rome)

19.4 Sheep illustrated on the column of Marcus Aurelius, Rome (Deutsches Archologisches Institut, Rome)

19.5 A shepherd with his flock; the tombstone of the freedman Iucundus, from Mainz (Rmisches-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz)

19.6 Pack-horses carrying loads over a hill; the Igel monument, Trier (Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Trier)

19.7 A relief from Langres showing the transport of wine in bulk on a waggon drawn by a pair of mules (Muse de Langres)

19.8 Bronze statuette from Syria of a donkey with panniers (The British Museum)

19.9 Terracotta statuette from Aphrodisias, Asia, of a camel carrying amphorae (The Louvre)

19.10 Mosaic from a villa near Zliten, Tripolitania, showing grain being threshed by horses and oxen (Deutsches Archologisches Institut, Rome)

19.11 Mosaic from a villa near Oudna in Tunisia showing livestock on an estate (Deutches Archologisches Institut, Rome)

19.12 The equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, Rome (M. Greenhalgh, Leicester)

20.1 Aerial view of the villa at Vieux-Rouen-sur-Bresle, France (Photo: R. Agache)

20.2 Aerial view of the villa at Grivesnes, France (Photo: R. Agache)

22.1 Coins of the Republic and Empire discussed in the text (pp. 56874)

22.2 Coins of the Empire discussed in the text (pp. 57583)

23.1 (a) The first face of the funerary relief of L. Cornelius Atimetus, showing the forge on one side

(b) The second face of the funerary relief of L. Cornelius Atimetus, showing the shop on the other (Deutsches Archologisches Institut, Rome)

23.2 Pompeiian bakery with millstones

23.3 Relief from Rome of a donkey-powered flour mill (Vatican Museum)

23.4 Relief from the monument of the Haterii, Rome, depicting a building under construction with a crane (Vatican Museum)

23.5 Frescoes from the triclinium of the House of the Vettii, Pompeii, showing cupids acting as (a) perfumers; (b) goldsmiths; (c) fullers (A. Wallace-Hadrill and Soprintendenza Archeologica Pompei)

23.6 Arretine crater by M. Perennius Tigranus (The Ashmolean Museum)

23.7 The sequence of water-mills at the Barbegal, near Aries, France

25.1 (a) and (b) The shipwreck at Madrague de Giens, southern France, with its cargo of amphorae (A. Tchernia and Centre Camille Julian)

25.2 Glass jug from the workshop of Ennion (Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery)

25.3 Glass jug found at Enfield (Middx.), Britain (Forty Hall Museum, Enfield)

25.4 The Pantheon, Rome, showing the size of the columns in the portico (M. Greenhalgh)

26.1 Roman bridge at Rimini (Fototeca dell'Unione, Rome)

26.3 South-west corner of the late first-century timber quay and possible abutment of the contemporary bridge over the Thames, at Pudding Lane, London (Museum of London)

26.3 Late first-century timber quay backed by an open-fronted warehouse, Pudding Lane, London (