Spencer C. Tucker - World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

World War I : the definitive encyclopedia and document collection / Spencer C. Tucker, editor; Priscilla Roberts, editor; foreword by Dr.Holger H. Herwig 2nd edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-85109-964-1 (alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-85109-965-8 (ebook) 1. World War, 19141918Encyclopedias. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937, editor. II. Roberts, Priscilla Mary, editor.
D510.E53 2014
940.3'03dc23 2013047771

ISBN: 978-1-85109-964-1
EISBN: 978-1-85109-965-8

18 17 16 15 14 1 2 3 4 5

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Every reasonable effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright materials in this book, but in some instances this has proven impossible. The editors and publishers will be glad to receive information leading to more complete acknowledgments in subsequent printings of the book and in the meantime extend their apologies for any omissions.

For Professor Priscilla Roberts, a distinguished scholar of 20th-century history who has been of immense assistance to this work and other encyclopedia projects for ABC-CLIO.

About the Editors

Spencer C. Tucker, PhD, has been senior fellow in military history at ABC-CLIO since 2003. He is the author or editor of 49 books and encyclopedias, many of which have won prestigious awards. Tuckers last academic position before his retirement from teaching was the John Biggs Chair in Military History at the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington. He has been a Fulbright scholar, a visiting research associate at the Smithsonian Institution, and, as a U.S. Army captain, an intelligence analyst in the Pentagon. His recently published works include Battles that Changed American History: 100 of the Greatest Victories and Defeats; Almanac of American Military History; and American Civil War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection, all published by ABC-CLIO.

Priscilla Roberts received her PhD from Cambridge University and is an associate professor of history and honorary director of the Centre of American Studies at the University of Hong Kong. Dr. Roberts has received numerous research awards and was assistant editor of the Encyclopedia of World War II and Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War, published by ABC-CLIO. She spent 2003 as a visiting Fulbright scholar at the Institute for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies at George Washington University in Washington, D.C.

W ORLD W AR I E NCYCLOPEDIA

E DITORIAL A DVISORY B OARD

D R . R ICHARD C. H ALL , C HAIR

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY AND
P OLITICAL S CIENCE

G EORGIA S OUTHWESTERN S TATE U NIVERSITY

D R . G LYN H ARPER

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY

M ASSEY U NIVERSITY

N EW Z EALAND

V INCENT P. OH ARA

I NDEPENDENT S CHOLAR

D R . P RISCILLA R OBERTS

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY

U NIVERSITY OF H ONG K ONG

H ONG K ONG

D R . D ENNIS S HOWALTER

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY

C OLORADO C OLLEGE

ABC-CLIO M ILITARY H ISTORY

A DVISORY B OARD M EMBERS

D R . D AVID C OFFEY

A SSOCIATE P ROFESSOR AND C HAIR

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY AND P HILOSOPHY

U NIVERSITY OF T ENNESSEE A T M ARTIN

D R . J AMES M ATRAY

P ROFESSOR AND C HAIR OF H ISTORY

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY

C ALIFORNIA S TATE U NIVERSITY , C HICO

D R . J ACK M C C ALLUM

A DJUNCT P ROFESSOR

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY AND G EOGRAPHY

T EXAS C HRISTIAN U NIVERSITY

D R . J USTIN D. M URPHY

D IRECTOR , A CADEMY OF F REEDOM ;

B RAND P ROFESSOR OF H ISTORY

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY , P OLITICAL S CIENCE , AND G EOGRAPHY

H OWARD P AYNE U NIVERSITY

D R . J IM P IECUCH

A SSISTANT P ROFESSOR OF H ISTORY

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY

K ENNESAW S TATE U NIVERSITY

D R . C AROL R EARDON

P ROFESSOR OF M ILITARY H ISTORY

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY

P ENNSYLVANIA S TATE U NIVERSITY

D R . P RISCILLA R OBERTS

A SSOCIATE P ROFESSOR OF H ISTORY ,

S CHOOL OF H UMANITIES

H ONORARY D IRECTOR ,

C ENTRE OF A MERICAN S TUDIES

U NIVERSITY OF H ONG K ONG

D R . J AMES H. W ILLBANKS

D IRECTOR , D EPARTMENT OF M ILITARY H ISTORY

U.S. A RMY C OMMAND AND G ENERAL S TAFF C OLLEGE ,

F ORT L EAVENWORTH

D R . D AVID T. Z ABECKI

M AJOR G ENERAL

A RMY OF THE U NITED S TATES , R ETIRED

Contents

Volume 1: AC

Volume 2: DJ

Volume 3: KQ

Volume 4: RZ

Volume 5: Documents

List of Entries

VOLUME I

Aa, Battle of the

Abbeville Conference

Abdul Hamid II, Sultan

Aboukir, Cressy, and Hogue, Sinking of

Abyssinia

Aces

Addams, Jane

Aden

Adler, Victor

Adrian, Louis Auguste

Adriatic Theater

Aeronautical Mission, U.S.

Afghanistan

Africa, Campaigns in

African Americans

Air Warfare, Fighter Tactics

Air Warfare, Strategic Bombing

Airco DH2 Fighter Aircraft

Aircraft, Bombers

Aircraft, Fighters

Aircraft, Production of

Aircraft, Reconnaissance and Auxiliary

Aircraft, Seaplanes

Aircraft Carriers

Aisne, First Battle of the

Aisne, Second Battle of the

Aisne-Marne Offensive

Aitken, Sir William Maxwell

Alain-Fournier, Henri

Albania

ALBERICH , Operation

Albert, First Battle of

Albert, Third Battle of

Albert I, King of Belgium

ALBION , Operation

Albrecht, Duke of Wrttemberg

Alcohol

Alderson, Sir Edwin Alfred Hervey

Alekseyev, Mikhail Vasilyevich

Aleppo, Battle of

Alexander Karageorgevi, Prince

Alexandra Fyodorovna, Czarina of Russia

Allen, Henry Tureman

Allen, James

Allen, Sir James

Allenby, Sir Edmund Henry Hynman

Alliances, Prewar

Allied Maritime Transport Council

Alpine Warfare

Alsace and Lorraine

Altvater, Vasilii Mikhailovich

Amade, Albert-Grard-Lon d

Amara, Battle of

American Battle Monuments Commission

American Federation of Labor

American Legion

American Relief Administration

American Union Against Militarism

American Volunteer Ambulance Units

Amiens Dispatch

Amiens Offensive

Amman Campaign

Amphibious Warfare

Anarchists

Andrssy von Csk-Kirly, Gyula

Andrew, Abram Piatt

Angell, Sir Ralph Norman

Anglo-German Naval Arms Race

Anglo-Japanese Alliance

Anglo-Russian Entente