Spencer C. Tucker - American Civil War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection

VOLUME I: A C

Dr. Spencer C. Tucker

Editor

James Arnold and Roberta Wiener

Documents Editors

Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr.

Associate Editor

Dr. David Coffey

Assistant Editor

Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England

Copyright 2013 by ABC-CLIO, LLC

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

American Civil War : the definitive encyclopedia and document collection / Spencer C. Tucker, Editor.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-85109-677-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-85109-682-4 (ebook)

1. United StatesHistoryCivil War, 18611865Encyclopedias. 2. United StatesHistoryCivil War, 18611865Sources. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937 editor.

E468.A5329 2013

973.703dc23 2013016414

ISBN: 978-1-85109-677-0
EISBN: 978-1-85109-682-4

17 16 15 14 13 1 2 3 4 5

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Every reasonable effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright materials in this book, but in some instances this has proven impossible. The editors and publishers will be glad to receive information leading to more complete acknowledgments in subsequent printings of the book and in the meantime extend their apologies for any omissions.

To my good friend
G. Malcolm Louden

About the Editors

Spencer C. Tucker, PhD, has been senior fellow in military history at ABC-CLIO since 2003. He is the author or editor of 43 books and encyclopedias, many of which have won prestigious awards. Tuckers last academic position before his retirement from teaching was the John Biggs Chair in Military History at the Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA. He has been a Fulbright scholar, a visiting research associate at the Smithsonian Institution, and, as a U. S. Army captain, an intelligence analyst in the Pentagon. His recently published works include The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History; The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History; and Almanac of American Military History, all published by ABC-CLIO.

James R. Arnold is the author of more than 20 military history books and has contributed to numerous others. His published works include Jeff Daviss Own: Cavalry, Comanches, and the Battle for the Texas Frontier and Napoleon Conquers Austria: The 1809 Campaign for Vienna, which won the International Napoleonic Societys Literary Award in 1995. His two newest titles are The Moro War: How America Battled a Muslim Insurgency in the Philippine Jungle, 19021903 and Napoleons Triumph: The Friedland Campaign, 1807.

Roberta Wiener is managing editor for the Journal of Military History. She has written The American West: Living the Frontier Dream and coauthored numerous history books for the school library market, including the 10-volume The Revolutionary War (2002) and the 13-volume 13 Colonies (2005).

A MERICAN C IVIL W AR E DITORIAL A DVISORY B OARD

D R . J EFF K INARD

P ROFESSOR AND C HAIR

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY

G UILFORD T ECHNICAL C OMMUNITY C OLLEGE

D R . P AUL D AVID N ELSON

J ULIAN -V AN D USEN P ROFESSOR E MERITUS OF A MERICAN H ISTORY

B EREA C OLLEGE

D R . C AROL R EARDON

P ROFESSOR OF M ILITARY H ISTORY

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY

P ENNSYLVANIA S TATE U NIVERSITY

D R . S TEVEN E. W OODWORTH

P ROFESSOR OF H ISTORY

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY

T EXAS C HRISTIAN U NIVERSITY

ABC-CLIO M ILITARY H ISTORY A DVISORY B OARD M EMBERS

D R . D AVID C OFFEY

A SSOCIATE P ROFESSOR AND C HAIR

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY AND P HILOSOPHY

U NIVERSITY OF T ENNESSEE AT M ARTIN

D R . J AMES M ATRAY

P ROFESSOR AND C HAIR OF H ISTORY

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY

C ALIFORNIA S TATE U NIVERSITY , C HICO

D R . J ACK M C C ALLUM

A DJUNCT P ROFESSOR

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY AND G EOGRAPHY

T EXAS C HRISTIAN U NIVERSITY

D R . J USTIN D. M URPHY

D IRECTOR , A CADEMY OF F REEDOM ;

B RAND P ROFESSOR OF H ISTORY

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY , P OLITICAL S CIENCE , AND G EOGRAPHY

H OWARD P AYNE U NIVERSITY

D R . J IM P IECUCH

A SSOCIATE P ROFESSOR OF H ISTORY

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY

K ENNESAW S TATE U NIVERSITY

D R . C AROL R EARDON

P ROFESSOR OF M ILITARY H ISTORY

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY

P ENNSYLVANIA S TATE U NIVERSITY

D R . P RISCILLA R OBERTS

A SSOCIATE P ROFESSOR OF H ISTORY ,

S CHOOL OF H UMANITIES

H ONORARY D IRECTOR ,

C ENTRE OF A MERICAN S TUDIES

U NIVERSITY OF H ONG K ONG

D R . J AMES H. W ILLBANKS

D IRECTOR , D EPARTMENT OF M ILITARY H ISTORY

U.S. A RMY C OMMAND AND G ENERAL S TAFF C OLLEGE ,

F ORT L EAVENWORTH

D R . S TEVEN E. W OODWORTH

P ROFESSOR OF H ISTORY

D EPARTMENT OF H ISTORY

T EXAS C HRISTIAN U NIVERSITY

D R . D AVID T. Z ABECKI

M AJOR G ENERAL

A RMY OF THE U NITED S TATES , R ETIRED

H ONORARY S ENIOR R ESEARCH F ELLOW IN W AR S TUDIES WITH THE U NIVERSITY OF B IRMINGHAM (E NGLAND ) AND S ENIOR H ISTORIAN OF THE W IEDER H ISTORY G ROUP

Contents

List of Entries

VOLUME I

VOLUME II

VOLUME III

VOLUME IV

VOLUME V

List of Tables

List of Maps

General Maps

Entry Maps

Preface

Even 150 years later, the Civil War continues to resonate. Certainly one of the greatest crises in all American history, the Civil Waror the War between the States, The War, and even the War of Northern Aggression, as some Southerners refer to itremains a great source of interest for countless numbers of Americans and Europeans. Certainly the war has had profound and far-reaching effects. This six-volume reference work includes 2,648 entries in 1.5 million words as well as a great many documents. We believe it to be the most comprehensive and accurate reference work on the Civil War available. This encyclopedia treats the principal battles and leading military and civilian figures but also includes entries on notable civilians and on political, economic, societal, and artistic trends of the time. The encyclopedia also includes extensive maps and illustrations.

I am especially grateful to associate editor Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr., who not only wrote a great many entries himself but also edited the whole, and to assistant editor Dr. David Coffey, chair of the Department of History and Philosophy of the University of Tennessee at Martin and a distinguished scholar of the war. He has not only written a number of entries but has read over the entire manuscript and provided valuable assistance in improving it. Professor of history at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and noted Civil War historian William C. Davis, who has twice been nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, has graciously provided a thought-provoking introduction. James R. Arnold and Roberta Wiener continue their fine work in the documents volume.