Spencer C. Tucker - The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History

Dr. Spencer C. Tucker

James Arnold

Roberta Wiener

Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr.

Dr. John C. Fredriksen

Copyright 2012 by ABC-CLIO, LLC

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The encyclopedia of the War of 1812: a political, social, and military history / Spencer C. Tucker, editor; James Arnold and Roberta Wiener, editors, documents volume; Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr., associate editor; John C. Fredriksen, assistant editor.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-85109-956-6 (hard back: acid-free paper) ISBN 978-1-85109-957-3 (ebook)

1. United StatesHistoryWar of 1812Encyclopedias. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937 II. Arnold, James R., 1952 III. Wiener, Roberta, 1952 IV. Pierpaoli, Paul G., 1962 V. Fredriksen, John C.

E354.E468 2012

973.5203dc23 2012007054

ISBN: 978-1-85109-956-6

EISBN: 978-1-85109-957-3

161514131212345

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This book is printed on acid-free paper

Manufactured in the United States of America

VOLUME I: AK

Dr. Spencer C. Tucker

Editor

James Arnold and Roberta Wiener

Editors, Documents Volume

Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr.

Associate Editor

Dr. John C. Fredriksen

Assistant Editor

Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England

To Cyrus Carter Barcus

Spencer C. Tucker, PhD, held the John Biggs Chair of Military History at his alma mater, the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington, for 6 years until his retirement from teaching in 2003. Before that, he was professor of history for 30 years at Texas Christian University, Fort Worth. He has also been a Fulbright Scholar and, as a U.S. Army captain, an intelligence analyst in the Pentagon. Currently the senior fellow of military history at ABC-CLIO, he has written or edited 41 books and encyclopedias, including the award-winning Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, the comprehensive A Global Chronology of Conflict, and the Encyclopedia of the Middle East Wars, all published by ABC-CLIO.

James R. Arnold is the author of more than 20 military history books and has contributed to numerous others. His published works include Jeff Daviss Own: Cavalry, Comanches, and the Battle for the Texas Frontier and Napoleon Conquers Austria: The 1809 Campaign for Vienna, which won the International Napoleonic Societys Literary Award in 1995. His two newest titles are The Moro War: How America Battled a Muslim Insurgency in the Philippine Jungle, 19021903, and Napoleons Triumph: The Friedland Campaign, 1807.

Roberta Wiener is managing editor for the Journal of Military History. She has written The American West: Living the Frontier Dream and coauthored numerous history books for the school library market, including The Revolutionary War (2002).

Advisory Board Members

Dr. David Coffey

Professor and Chair

Department of History and Philosophy

University of Tennessee at Martin

Dr. Don Hickey

Professor of History

Department of History

Wayne State College (Nebraska)

Dr. James Matray

Professor and Chair

Department of History

California State University, Chico

Dr. Jack McCallum

Adjunct Professor

Department of History and Geography

Texas Christian University

Dr. Justin D. Murphy

Director, Academy of Freedom

Brand Professor of History

Department of History, Political Science, and Geography

Howard Payne University

Dr. Jim Piecuch

Associate Professor of History

Department of History

Kennesaw State University

Dr. Carol Reardon

Professor of Military History

Department of History

Pennsylvania State University

Dr. Priscilla Roberts

Associate Professor of History

School of Humanities

Director

Centre of American Studies

University of Hong Kong

Dr. James H. Willbanks

Director, Department of Military History

U.S. Army Command and General Staff College,

Fort Leavenworth

Dr. Steven E. Woodworth

Professor of History

Department of History

Texas Christian University

Dr. David T. Zabecki

Major General

Army of the United States, Retired

Honorary Senior Research Fellow in War Studies

University of Birmingham, England

Adair, John

Adams, John Quincy

Admiralty, High Court of

Admiralty Board

African Americans

Akwesasne and French Mills, Skirmishes at

Alabama

Alexandria, Virginia, British Capture of

Algerine War

Allan, William

Allen, William Henry

Allen, William Howard

Alston, Joseph

Amelia Island

American Fur Company

Ancaster Assize

Antiwar Sentiment, U.S.

Apalachicola River

Appling, Daniel

Armistead, George

Armistice Agreement

Armstrong, John, Jr.

Armstrong, Robert

Art

Artillery, Land

Artillery, Sea

Artillery Ammunition, Land

Artillery Ammunition, Sea

Artillery Practice, Land

Artillery Tactics, Land

Aspinwall, Thomas

Astor, John Jacob

Autosse, Battle of

Bacon, Ezekiel

Bainbridge, William

Baker, Louisa

Baldwin, William

Baltimore, Battle of

Baltimore Riots

Banking in Canada and Great Britain

Banking in the United States

Baratarian Pirates

Barbour, James

Barclay, Robert Heriot

Barclay, Thomas

Baring, Alexander, First Lord Ashburton

Barker, Jacob

Barlow, Joel

Barney, Joshua

Barrie, Robert

Barron, James

Basden, James Lewis

Bathurst, Henry, Third Earl Bathurst

Bayard, James Asheton

Baynes, Edward

Bayonet

Beanes, William

Beasley, Daniel

Beaumont, William

Beaver Dams, Battle of

Belligerent Rights at Sea

Belvidera, HMS, Capture of USS Vixen

Benton, Thomas Hart

Berkeley, George Cranfield

Bermuda

Bibb, William Wyatt

Biddle, James

Biddle, Nicholas

Biddle, Thomas

Bigelow, Abijah

Big Warrior

Bisshopp, Cecil

Black Hawk

Black Hoof

Black Rock, New York

Black Swamp

Bladensburg, Battle of

Blakeley, Johnston

Block Island

Bloomfield, Joseph

Blount, Willie

Blue-Light Affair

Blue-Light Federalists

Boerstler, Charles G.

Bomb Vessel

Boyd, John Parker

Boyle, Thomas

Brady, Hugh

Brig

Brigantine

British North America

Brock, Sir Isaac

Broke, Sir Philip Bowes Vere, First Baronet

Brooke, Sir Arthur

Brooke, George Mercer