Spencer C. Tucker - The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History

A Political, Social, and Military History

Dr. Spencer C. Tucker

James Arnold

Roberta Wiener

Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr.

Dr. Thomas W. Cutrer

Dr. Pedro Santoni

Copyright 2013 by ABC-CLIO, LLC

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War : a political, social, and military history / Spencer C. Tucker, editor ; James Arnold and Roberta Wiener, editors, documents volume ; Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr., associate editor ; Thomas W. Cutrer and Pedro Santoni, assistant editors.

v. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Contents: volume I. A-L volume II. M-Z volume III. Documents.

ISBN 978-1-85109-853-8 (hardcover : acid-free paper) ISBN 978-1-85109-854-5 (ebook)

1. Mexican War, 18461848Encyclopedias. 2. Mexican War, 18461848Sources. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937 II. Arnold, James R., 1952 III. Wiener, Roberta, 1952 IV. Pierpaoli, Paul G., 1962 V. Cutrer, Thomas W. VI. Santoni, Pedro.

E404.E62 2013

973.62dc23 2012032450

ISBN: 978-1-85109-853-8
EISBN: 978-1-85109-854-5

16 15 14 13 12 1 2 3 4 5

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This book is printed on acid-free paper

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For my friend Mike Hubbard

Spencer C. Tucker, PhD, held the John Biggs Chair of Military History at his alma mater, the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington, for 6 years until his retirement from teaching in 2003. Before that, he was professor of history for 30 years at Texas Christian University, Fort Worth. He has also been a Fulbright Scholar and, as a U.S. Army captain, an intelligence analyst in the Pentagon. Currently the senior fellow of military history at ABC-CLIO, he has written or edited 42 books and encyclopedias, including the award-winning Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, the comprehensive A Global Chronology of Conflict, and the Encyclopedia of the Middle East Wars, all published by ABC-CLIO.

James R. Arnold is the author of more than 20 military history books and has contributed to numerous others. His published works include Jeff Daviss Own: Cavalry, Comanches, and the Battle for the Texas Frontier and Napoleon Conquers Austria: The 1809 Campaign for Vienna, which won the International Napoleonic Societys Literary Award in 1995. His two newest titles are The Moro War: How America Battled a Muslim Insurgency in the Philippine Jungle, 19021903, and Napoleons Triumph: The Friedland Campaign, 1807.

Roberta Wiener is managing editor for the the Journal of Military History. She has written The American West: Living the Frontier Dream and coauthored numerous history books for the school library market, including ten volumes on The Revolutionary War (2002) and the thirteen-volume set 13 Colonies (2005).

DR. DON M. COERVER

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY

TEXAS CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY

DR. JEFF KINARD

CHAIR, DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, AND GEOGRAPHY

GUILFORD TECHNICAL COMMUNITY COLLEGE

DR. FABIOLA GARCA RUBIO

COLEGIO DE HISTORIA

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTNOMA DE MXICO

DR. BRUCE WINDERS

HISTORIAN AND CURATOR

THE ALAMO

CARTOGRAPHER

INTERNATIONAL MAPPING ASSOCIATES

DR. DAVID COFFEY

PROFESSOR AND CHAIR

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE AT MARTIN

DR. DON HICKEY

PROFESSOR OF HISTORY

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY

WAYNE STATE COLLEGE (NEBRASKA)

DR. JAMES MATRAY

PROFESSOR AND CHAIR

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY

CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, CHICO

DR. JACK MCCALLUM

ADJUNCT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY

TEXAS CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY

DR. JUSTIN D. MURPHY

DIRECTOR, ACADEMY OF FREEDOM

BRAND PROFESSOR OF HISTORY

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, AND GEOGRAPHY

HOWARD PAYNE UNIVERSITY

DR. JIM PIECUCH

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF HISTORY

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY

KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. CAROL REARDON

PROFESSOR OF MILITARY HISTORY

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY

DR. PRISCILLA ROBERTS

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF HISTORY

SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES

DIRECTOR

CENTRE OF AMERICAN STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

DR. JAMES H. WILLBANKS

DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY HISTORY

U.S. ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE, FORT LEAVENWORTH

DR. STEVEN E. WOODWORTH

PROFESSOR OF HISTORY

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY

TEXAS CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY

DR. DAVID T. ZABECKI

MAJOR GENERAL

ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES, RETIRED HONORARY SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOW IN WAR STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND

Volume I: AL

Volume II: MZ

Volume III: Documents

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In March 1847, a small United States army landed at Veracruz on Mexicos east coast. In the six months that followed, it marched over 250 miles, won six major battles, captured the Mexican capital of Mexico City, and pacified much of the countryside in the process. It was one of the most brilliant military operations in American history, conducted by one of the greatest generals the country has ever produced. As the culminating campaign of a two-year war, it helped pave the way for a treaty that transferred over half a million square miles from Mexico to the United States, including all or part of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.