Bernstein C. David - Imperialism and expansionism in American history : a social, political, and cultural encyclopedia and document collection

Copyright 2016 by ABC-CLIO, LLC

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Magoc, Chris J., 1960- editor. | Bernstein, David (Professor of history), editor.

Title: Imperialism and expansionism in American history : a social, political, and cultural encyclopedia and document collection / Chris J. Magoc and David Bernstein, editors.

Description: Santa Barbara, California : ABC-CLIO, 2016.

Identifiers: LCCN 2015017561| ISBN 9781610694292 (alk. paper) | ISBN 9781610694308 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: United StatesTerritorial expansionHistoryEncyclopedias. | United StatesTerritorial expansionHistorySources. | ImperialismHistoryEncyclopedias. | ImperialismHistorySources.

Classification: LCC E713 .I47 2016 | DDC 970.01dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015017561

ISBN: 978-1-61069-429-2

EISBN: 978-1-61069-430-8

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Contents

Preface

The United States of America, a nation whose founders feared a permanent standing army and urged future generations to avoid foreign entanglements, has become unquestionably the largest global military power in history. Imperialism and Expansionism in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection was conceived partly in response to increased attention to the costs and consequences of American interventionist policies and the nations position as the worlds dominant military force. The encyclopedia is broadly framed chronologically in four volumes and further divided both thematically and chronologically into sections that encompass the major periods of American continental and overseas expansionist history. The four volumes chronicle the historical roots of Americas growth from colony to hemispheric hegemon to global empire of unprecedented power.

Featuring more than 650 individual topical headwords, the encyclopedia encompasses the full historical scope of American expansionism and imperialismfrom the colonial and early frontier era of the 18th century through the War on Terror of the 21st century. Topics include major biographical figures such as American presidents and statesmen, influential public and intellectual figures, military commanders, and key episodes of imperial conflict both at home and abroad. These conflicts in the 18th and 19th centuries feature Native and non-Native relations; land laws and other legal, legislative, and scientific instruments of continental expansion; early forays of overseas expansion, such as the opening of Japan; and a thorough, all-encompassing treatment of Americas first overseas imperial conflicts in Cuba and the Philippines. Entries encompassing the early 20th century feature key economic concerns and figures driving U.S. imperial interest in Latin America; the often-forgotten dimensions of U.S. overseas ambitions regarding American involvement in both world wars; broad and deep coverage of the American projection of economic interests and military power throughout the Cold War and beyond, through the ongoing conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan, Africa, and the Middle East; and isolationist and anti-imperial/antiwar forces from the 1930s through the present.

We believe that one of the distinguishing features of the encyclopedia is its thorough inclusion of cultural elements of American expansionism and imperialism. Entries and primary sources pertaining to such topics as Indian captivity narratives, Romantic thinkers, the Red Cross, overseas education, jazz and Hollywood westerns in the Cold War, and protest and country music help to shed new and interesting light on familiar subject matter. The encyclopedia is multidisciplinary in scope, offering student and nonspecialist readers key insights, for example, on the intersection of popular culture with the projection of U.S. military power. Though structured in encyclopedic format, the entries are succinctly and incisively written and informed by the latest scholarship on issues ranging from Native peoples responses to westward movement to todays complex engagements in the Middle East and Africa. Glossaries, chronologies, extensive primary sources, sidebars, and bibliographies in each volume combine to make this work a thoroughly comprehensive encyclopedic chronicle of one of the most urgently important topics of our time.

Chris J. Magoc and David Bernstein

Acknowledgments

Any project of prodigious volume and scope such as this does not happen without contributions from a great number of dedicated people. Tremendous debt is owed, first, to Senior Editor Michael Millman at ABC-CLIO, whose vision for the project inspired me to take it on. Michaels initial conceptualization of a project centered on American imperialism, coupled with his intuitive understanding of its value in this historical moment, gave me all I needed to convince my colleague, David Bernstein, to accept the great challenge of serving as co-editor of a work we both believed was too important not to embrace.

We are both grateful for the keen editorial eye, perseverance, and boundless patience of John Wagner, Senior Development Editor for the project at ABC-CLIO, and for the steady hand of Project Coordinator Barbara Patterson who was always there to resolve concerns from our authors. All of us are deeply indebted to the nearly 200 scholars who have contributed enormously to this project; it simply could not have happened without them and we are forever grateful. Great thanks is owed also to my undergraduate Research Assistants at Mercyhurst University, Chelsea Marie Morris and Mohammed Al-Bidhawi, who performed exceptionally well on a range of challenges. I am not sure if the project would have gotten off the ground at all without Chelseas fine organizing work and attention to administrative detail in those first challenging months.

I am so thankful to David Bernstein for agreeing, perhaps in a weak moment, to take this project on. His good spirit, scholarly expertise, personal support, and timely good work have been indispensable to our success. I will note also that whatever errors may remain in these pages belong not to him, but to me who had the final editorial set of eyes.

Other debts are personal and can never be repaid. I am eternally grateful to Mary Ellen Magoc, my lifelong partner. As always, she has been unfailingly patient and lovingly supportive throughout this richly rewarding but immensely challenging project that cost her far more than a few evenings of her gardening partner. There is little that I write or do in this life without thinking of my children, Ethan and Caroline. With the last words of this encyclopedia go my hopes for a more secure future and peaceful world for them. Finally, to my parents, Stephen J. Magoc and Frances Judith Uhric Magoc, there is nothing left to say, except