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Richard McKeon - Neural Networks for Electronics Hobbyists: A Non-Technical Project-Based Introduction

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Richard McKeon Neural Networks for Electronics Hobbyists: A Non-Technical Project-Based Introduction
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Learn how to implement and build a neural network with this non-technical, project-based book as your guide. As you work through the chapters, youll build an electronics project, providing a hands-on experience in training a network.
There are no prerequisites here and you wont see a single line of computer code in this book. Instead, it takes a hardware approach using very simple electronic components. Youll start off with an interesting non-technical introduction to neural networks, and then construct an electronics project. The project isnt complicated, but it illustrates how back propagation can be used to adjust connection strengths or weights and train a network.
By the end of this book, youll be able to take what youve learned and apply it to your own projects. If you like to tinker around with components and build circuits on a breadboard, Neural Networks for Electronics Hobbyists is the book for you.
What Youll Learn
Gain a practical introduction to neural networks
Review techniques for training networks with electrical hardware and supervised learning
Understand how parallel processing differs from standard sequential programming
Who This Book Is For

This book anyone interest in neural networks, from electronic hobbyists looking for an interesting project to build, to a layperson with no experience. Programmers familiar with neural networks but have only implemented them using computer code will also benefit from this book.

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Richard McKeon 2018
Richard McKeon Neural Networks for Electronics Hobbyists
1. Biological Neural Networks
Richard McKeon 1
(1)
Prescott, Arizona, USA
Is there intelligent life in outer space? OK, that may be a little bit tongue in cheek, but, think about it, maybe it is a valid question. How much biological intelligence is there on earth? Where does it come from? And how much greater can it be? Is it just a matter of bigger brains or more complex neural networks inside our skulls?
Are there intelligent networks other than the human brain? How about animal intelligence or even plant intelligence? Many of these nonhuman networks share a surprising amount of DNA with humans. In fact, scientists have sequenced the genome of the chimpanzee and found that we share with them about 94% of the same DNA. Is that amazing, or what?
Think about the following:
  1. Dogs can learn to follow voice commands.
  2. Gorillas and chimps can learn sign language and use it to communicate.
  3. Many birds use tools and can figure out complex ways to get food without being taught.
Amazing Fact
Scientists estimate that there are about 44 billion neurons in the human brain and each one of them is connected to thousands of other neurons! See Figure .
Here are some estimates of the number of neurons for other species:
  • Fruit Fly: 100 thousand neurons
  • Cockroach: One million neurons
  • Mouse: 33 million neurons
  • Cat: One billion neurons
  • Chimpanzee: Three billion neurons
  • Elephant: 23 billion neurons
So, is a neural network all it takes to develop intelligence? Many people say yes.
Modern electronic neural networks are already performing amazing feats of pattern recognition. The near future will almost certainly bring huge advances in this area!
Biological Computing: The Neuron
Heres where it starts. Figure is a graphical representation of a nerve cell or neuron. Your brain has billions of these thingsall interconnected! Just because of the sheer number of neurons and how they are interconnected, the study of the human brain gets complicated really fast!
Figure 1-1 An individual neuron The doctors studying the brain scan in - photo 1
Figure 1-1
An individual neuron
The doctors studying the brain scan in Figure are probably looking for a specific, identifiable problem like a brain tumor. Even these specialists dont have all the answers about detailed brain function.
Figure 1-2 Doctors study brain scan In recent years we have made great - photo 2
Figure 1-2
Doctors study brain scan
In recent years, we have made great strides in understanding the structure and electrical activity of the brain, but we still have a long way to go! This is especially so when it comes to concepts like self-awareness and consciousness. Where does that come from? Fortunately, for us to build functioning networks that can accomplish practical tasks, we dont need to have all the answers.
Of course we want to understand every detail of how the brain works, but even if simple and incomplete, todays neural network simulations can do amazing things! Just like you and me, neural networks can perform very well in terms of pattern recognition and prediction even when given partial or corrupted data. You are probably thinking, This is more like science fiction than science! Believe me, Im not making this stuff up.
So, how does a neuron work? Figure gives us a few hints. A neuron is a very complex cell, but basically they all operate the same way.
  1. The dendrites receive electrical impulses from several other neurons.
  2. The cell body adds up all these signals and determines what to do next. If there is enough stimulation, it decides to fire a pulse down its axon.
  3. The axon has connections to several other neurons.
  4. And the beat goes on, so to speak.
Of course, I have left out some details, but thats basically how it works. We will talk about weights, activation potentials, transfer functions, and stuff like that later (without getting too technical).
Figure 1-3 Information flow So if you connect up all these neurons what - photo 3
Figure 1-3
Information flow
So, if you connect up all these neurons, what does it look like? Well, not exactly like Figure , but it kind of gives you the idea. Biological computers are highly interconnected.
Figure 1-4 Interconnected neurons An interesting thing that is not shown - photo 4
Figure 1-4
Interconnected neurons
An interesting thing that is not shown in Figure is that the neurons are not directly connected or hard-wired to the others. Where these connections take place, there is a little gap called a synapse. When a neuron fires, it secretes a chemical into the synapse. These chemical messengers are called neurotransmitters. Depending on the mix of neurotransmitters in the synapse, the target cell will get the message either pretty strongly or pretty weakly. What will the target neuron do? It will sum up all these signals and decide whether or not to fire a pulse down its axon.
You can see that we are not exactly talking about electrons flowing along a piece of copper wire. The equivalent thing in neurons is a chemical exchange of ions. Is the concept of ion exchange more complicated than electrons flowing in a wire? Not really. We actually dont understand electron flow all that well either; its just that were more used to hearing about things that use electricity.
When a person drinks alcohol or takes certain types of drugs, guess what they are affecting. You guessed it! They are affecting the neurotransmittersthe chemistry within the synapse.
When you go to the dentist and get a shot of Novocain to block the pain, what is that Novocain doing? Its preventing neurons from firing by interfering with the chemical processes taking place. So, understanding that brain activity is electrochemical makes this whole discussion a lot more understandable.
Remember when I said we werent going to get too technical? Well, thats it for this discussion.
Congratulations!
You just graduated from the Rick McKeon School of Brain Chemistry.
Figure may not be scientifically accurate, but it is a pretty picture, and it graphically represents what happens in a synapse.
Figure 1-5 The synapse Given all these complex interconnections something - photo 5
Figure 1-5
The synapse
Given all these complex interconnections, something good is bound to emerge, right? Well, it does, and thats what makes this new field of study so exciting!
How can behavior emerge? Well, this is another fascinating topic that we are just beginning to understand. Without getting too technical, let me just say that when many individuals interact, an overall behavior can emerge that is more complex than any of the individuals are capable of. How crazy is that? Think about the behavior of an ant colony, a flock of birds, or a school of fish. The individuals use pretty simple rules to interact with each other, but the overall behavior can be pretty complex.
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