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Principles of Mobile Communication
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Gordon L Stber
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Springer International Publishing AG 2017

Gordon L. Stber Principles of Mobile Communication 10.1007/978-3-319-55615-4_1

1. Introduction

Gordon L. Stber 1

(1)

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Commercial wireless systems and services have undergone rapid development and deployment, since first generation cellular telephone systems were introduced in the early 1980s. These first generation (1G) cellular telephone systems were based on analog frequency modulation (FM) technology and designed to carry narrow-band circuit-switched voice services. The first generation cellular service providers seen an exponential growth rate in their subscriptions, and by the late 1980s capacity limits were already reached in the largest markets with 1G cellular systems. In response to such heavy demand, second generation (2G) digital cellular systems were developed and introduced in the early 1990s and their evolutions are still in operation today. These 2G cellular systems were/are based on either time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA) technologies, and were initially designed to carry circuit-switched voice and data. During the 1990s, these 2G systems were enhanced to provide packet-switched data in addition to circuit-switched voice. These transitional 2G cellular systems with their enhanced data transmission capabilities later became known as 2.5G systems. Third generation (3G) cellular systems were introduced after the year 2000 that allowed simultaneous use of speech and data services and still higher data rates. These higher data rate capabilities were supplemented by geolocation information, giving rise to location dependent services. Currently, fourth generation (4G) cellular systems are deployed that use voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and multimedia applications with broadband access. These 4G systems are based on multi-carrier modulation/multiplexing techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), or advanced single-carrier modulation/multiplexing techniques such as single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA). Fifth generation (5G) wireless systems are currently under research and development.

1.1 Brief History of Wireless Systems and Standards

Although this textbook is intended to address the fundamentals of wireless communications, it is nevertheless useful to have some basic knowledge of the history and evolution of wireless systems and standards. The following gives a brief description of the major standards that have been developed or are under development for cellular radio systems, cordless phone systems, and wireless local and personal area networks.

1.1.1 First Generation (1G) Cellular Systems

The early 1970s saw the emergence of the radio technology that was needed for the deployment of mobile radio systems in the 800/900MHz band at a reasonable cost. In 1976, the World Allocation Radio Conference (WARC) approved frequency allocations for cellular telephones in the 800/900MHz band, thus setting the stage for the commercial deployment of cellular systems. In the early 1980s, many countries deployed incompatible first generation (1G) cellular systems based on frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and analog FM technology. With FDMA there is a single traffic channel per radio frequency carrier. When a user accesses the network two carriers (channels) are actually assigned, one for the forward (base-to-mobile) link and one for the reverse (mobile-to-base) link. Separation of the forward and reverse carrier frequencies is necessary to allow implementation of a duplexer, an arrangement of filters that isolates the forward and reverse link channels, thus preventing a radio transceiver from jamming itself.

In 1979, the first analog cellular system, the Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) system, became operational. In 1981, Ericsson Radio Systems AB fielded the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) 900 system, and in 1983 AT&T fielded the Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) as a trial in Chicago, IL. Many other first generation analog systems were also deployed in the early 1980s including TACS, ETACS, NMT 450, C-450, RTMS, and Radiocom 2000 in Europe, and JTACS/NTACS in Japan. The basic parameters of NTT, NMT, and AMPS are shown in Table . All 1G cellular systems are now extinct.

Table 1.1

First generation (1G) cellular standards

Feature	NTT	NMT	AMPS
Frequency band	925940/870885	890915/917950	824849/869894
RL/FLa	915918.5/860863.5
(MHz)	922925/867870
Carrier spacing	25/6.25	12.5b
(kHz)	6.25
6.25
Number of	600/2400	1999
channels

Modulation	Analog FM	Analog FM	Analog FM

aRL=reverselink, FL=forward link

bfrequencyinterleaving using overlapping channels, where the channel spacing is half thenominal channel bandwidth

1.1.2 Second Generation (2G) Cellular Systems

Second generation (2G) digital cellular systems were developed in the 1980s and early 1990s, and widely deployed throughout the world in the 1990s. These included the GSM/DCS1800/PCS1900 standard in Europe, the Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) standard in Japan, and the IS-54/136 and IS-95 standards in the USA. Major parameters of the air interface specifications of these standards are summarized in Tables , and a very brief description of each is provided below.

Table 1.2

Second generation (2G) digital cellular standards, GSM and IS-54/136

Feature	GSM/DCS1800/PCS1900	IS-54/136
Frequency band	GSM: 890915/	824829/
RL/FLa	935960	869/894
(MHz)	DCS1800: 17101785/	19301990/
18051880	18501910
PCS1900: 19301990/
18501910
Multiple access	F/TDMA	F/TDMA
Carrier spacing (kHz)
Modulation	GMSK	4-DQPSK
Baud rate (kb/s)	270.833	48.6
Frame size (ms)	4.615
Slots/Frame	8/16	3/6
Voice coding (kb/s)	VSELP(HR 6.5)	VSELP (FR 7.95)
RPE-LTP (FR 13)	ACELP (EFR 7.4)
ACELP (EFR 12.2)	ACELP ()
Channel coding	Rate-1/2 CC	Rate-1/2 CC
Frequency hopping	Yes	No
Handoff	Hard	Hard

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