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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sarker, Dipak K., author.
Pharmaceutical emulsions : a drug developer's toolbag / by Dipak K. Sarker.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-97683-8 (cloth)
I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Emulsions chemistry. 2. Biopharmaceutics standards. 3. Chemistry, Pharmaceutical methods. QV 786.5.C7]
RS420
615.19 dc23
2013018795
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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Dedicated to my two fabulous sons
Hugh Callum Sarker
and
Noah Marcus Vesco Sarker
Mathematical symbols (with normal units)
Greek
stress (Pa) |
shear stress (Pa), decay time (s1), delay time (s1) |
dot | shear rate (Hz, s1) |
surface excess concentration (mol/m2) |
Debye length (m) |
micron (106 m), ionic strength (mol/dm3, M) |
bulk viscosity, coefficient of viscosity (mPa s, cP, cSt) |
* | complex bulk viscosity (Pas) |
d | surface (dilational) viscosity (mN s/m) |
s | surface (shear) viscosity (N/s/m) |
| dielectric constant (dimensionless), permittivity (8.854 1010 C2/N/m2) |
| strain (L/L, where L is length) |
zeta potential (mV) |
density, bulk phase (g/cm3) |
density difference (medium minus dispersed phase) (g/cm3) |
surface tension (mN/m) |
phase volume (dimensionless) |
surface potential (mV) |
contact angle () |
surface pressure (mN/m) |
wavelength (nm) |
N | frequency, wavenumber (cm) |
Latin
H | Hamaker constant for constants based on interaction of oil and water [(oiloil)0.5 (waterwater)0.5]2 (1 1020 J) |
Na | Avogadro's number (6.022 1023) |
R | gas constant (8.314 J/K/mol) |
Rg | radius of gyration (m) |
g | acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2) |
G | Young's modulus (Pa) |
G* | complex modulus (Pa) |
G' | storage modulus (Pa) |
G'' | loss modulus (Pa) |
P | Laplace pressure (Pa, N/m2) |
K | dissociation constant of ionisation |
P | partition coefficient ([octanol]/[water]) |
kB | Boltzmann constant (1.381 1023 J/K) |
k | rate constant (s1) |
T | temperature (C, K) |
t | time (s) |
Ed | dilational modulus (mN/m) |
E | complex elastic modulus (mN/m) |
D4,3 | usual hydrodynamic particle diameter (by volume) (nm) |
D3,2 | Sauter hydrodynamic particle diameter (by area) (nm) |
D | diffusion coefficient (cm2/s) |
exp or e | exponent, exponential |
Other symbols are explained at their point of use. |
Acronyms and abbreviations
A/W | airwater system |
ADME | adsorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (of a drug) |
AFM | atomic force microscopy |
CMC | critical micelle concentration |
DDS | drug delivery system |
DLS | dynamic light scattering |
DLVO | a theory from Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey and Overbeek |
DSC | differential scanning calorimetry |
EMEA | European Medicines Agency (a.k.a. EMA) |
EPR | enhanced permeability and retention (effect) |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration (USA) |
FDG | 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose |
GCP | good clinical practice |
GI tract | gastrointestinal tract |
GLP | good laboratory practice |
GMP | good manufacturing practice |
HLB | hydrophilelipophile balance |
ICH | International Conference on Harmonisation |
ISO | International Standards Organization (Geneva) |
IV | intravenous |
LCST/HCST | lower or higher critical solution temperature |
LNC | lipid nanocapsule |
LNP | lipid nanoparticle |
MHRA | Medicines Health and Regulatory (products) Agency (UK) |
NPD | new (medicinal) product development |
O/W | oil-in-water system |
PCL | poly(caprolactone) |
PCS | photon correlation spectroscopy |
PEG | poly(ethylene glycol) |