Pre-historical Language Contact in Peruvian Amazonia: A dynamic approach to Shawi (Kawapanan)
A dynamic approach to Shawi (Kawapanan)
Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia
doi: 10.1075/coll.58
ISBN: (ebook)
Cataloging-in-Publication Data available from Library of Congress:
LCCN 2020050371
John Benjamins Publishing Company https://benjamins.com
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
Para mi Mam Mila, madre, compaera, amiga y maestra lenguaraz, pstumamente
List of figures
A hypothetical tree-diagram
An alternative model for western and southern Indo-European (Garrett, 1999, p. 152)
A symbolic representation of a Polylectal Internally Dynamic Competence
The Flux dynamism
The Kawapanan linguistic area
A hypothetical Kawapanan family tree
Shawi vowels
Vowel ellipses for /i o a/ in the F1/F2 plane. Each vowel contains 24 scatters (4 words 2 repetitions 3 equidistant measurements taken from the steady-state portion). Raw formant values were converted to bark and sigma ellipses were superimposed (number of sigmas = 2) in Praat (Boersma & Weenink, 2015).
Oscillographic and spectrographic representation of kma you. In this case, no [h] is found.
Oscillographic and spectrographic representation of kkn heav. The friction found in the coda of the first syllable has been marked.
Semantic scope of the prefix a- (based on Shibatani & Pardeshi, 2002, p. 90,101)
Sociative causation semantic scope (Shibatani & Pardeshi, 2002, p. 101)
An example of forms grouped into cognate sets from 4 Austronesian languages (from https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/research.php, top left), which are translated into a binary format (bottom left). The right side shows a possible historical tree linking the different forms, with the birth and death of cognate set 2 shown.
How aligned forms are converted into binary features (left), so that it is possible to model the innovation and replacement of particular phonemes (right). The tree structure is hypothetical, not the suggested best historical analysis for this case.
Locations of languages in the data.
A densitree of the posterior distribution.
The maximum clade credibility tree. Labels are coloured according to Glottolog language family. Numbers indicate the proportion of trees in the sample that include the given split. All nodes in collapsed sections of the tree have posterior probabilities of less than 80%.
A tanglegram comparison between the tree for Chapacuran languages from this study (left) and from Birchall, Dunn, and Greenhill (2016) (right)
The Kawapanan-Puelche pronominal clade
Geographical distribution of the clade
Comparison between the tree derived from pronouns and trees derived from genetic data. Left: Pemberton et al. (2013); right: Reich et al. (2012).
Subject Raising, from SOV to OVS (L. M. Rojas-Berscia, ms.) t1 in this case refers to first tense (Seuren, 2018a)
The vernaculars of the North-East
Balsapuerto Inciso Aserrado Pottery and Balsapuerto-Inciso Aserrado, Aplicado, Pintado Pottery (Rivas Panduro, 2003)
Left-branching vs. right-branching (Seuren, 2018a, p. 86)
Predicate cluster: Arawak a- prefix and the Shawi verb ka-, for the sentence waan a-kanin tata atuari The apu makes dad eat chicken meat., undergoing predicate raising (PR) and branching directionality change.
Location of Salt Stone Trade Based languages
List of possible Quingnam numerals (Quilter et al., 2010)
The Chan Chan style ceramic seal (Rivas Panduro, 2003, p. 70)
List of tables
Comparison between the static and the dynamic pradigms, extracted and slightly adapted from Bailey (1973, p. 34).
Jesuit Missions in the Kawapanan area (after Fuentes, 1988, p. 17; Ochoa-Gilonne, 2007, p. 33)
Shawi person-marking suffixes
Shawi consonant inventory.
Keywords for consonants
Means of F1 and F2 after 16 tokens
Distribution of consonantal phonemes. (Y) indicates a consonant occurs in position (X) while (N) indicates that it does not. (-) indicates that, although that combination is possible, such a syllable is not existent in the corpus. #_ stands for word initial; ._/, for syllable initial, V._, for post-vocalic; _., for syllable final, _#, for word final; and _(x)y, for preceding vowel (x), with a particular phonemic contrast (y).
Shawi Alphabets
Common nouns in Shawi
Possession paradigm
Oblique case markers in Shawi
Subject suffixes in the non-future tense
Subject suffixes in the future tense
Subject suffixes in the subjunctive
Subject agreement suffixes in the dubitative mood
Subject suffixes in the purposive
Subject suffixes in the sequential mood
Subject suffixes in the simultaneous
Subject suffixes in the hypothetical mood
Person object forms in Shawi
Compound verbs
Common adjectives in Shawi
Personal pronouns
Interrogative pronouns in Shawi
Deictics in Shawi
Numerals in Shawi
Place adverbs in Shawi
Common temporal adverbs in Shawi
Modal adverbs in Shawi
Quantity adverbs in Shawi
Conjunctions
Common interjections in Shawi
Lexical vs. morphological causatives in Shawi
Valency increasing -te
Valency decreasing te
Verbaliser -te
Performer/agent nominalisation (EM_NOM_Balsapuerto_CYP_310714)
Resultative nominalisations
Instrumental nominalisations
Person-marking in Shawi
Grammatical relations in Shawi
Synchronic phonemic inventories of Shawi and Shiwilu. Phonemes that only occur in Shiwilu are presented in bold.
Proto-Kawapanan consonant inventory apud Valenzuela (2011)
Proto-Kawapanan consonant inventory revisited
Correspondence sets*.
Maquiritari, Hixkaryana, Waiwai, Galibi, Carib, Enapa Woromaipu, and Macuchi pronouns
Eastern Bolivian Guarani, Paraguayan Guarani, Munduruk, Ach, and Urarina pronouns
The Kawapanan and Puelche pronominal systems. The table also includes Proto-Kawapanan (P. M. Valenzuela Bismarck, 2011; L. M. Rojas-Berscia & Nikulin, 2016) for comparative purposes.
The Kawapanan and Puelche subject suffixes/prefixes systems, based on Rojas-Berscia and Nikulin (2016) for Proto-Kawapanan (Proto-Kawapanan) and Viegas Barros (2017) for Puelche.
The Kawapanan object suffix system compared to the Puelche second prefix system.
Proto-Kawapanan and Puelche lexical affinities
A comparison of the languages between the Kawapanan-Puelche space. Forms that show some resemblance appear in bold.
Features shared by the major Andean languages (Quechua and Aymara) and Kawapanan languages. Red asterisks indicate a discrepancy between my analysis and that in Valenzuela (2015, p. 47). Some sections from the original were left out.
Features which Kawapanan and the major Andean languages do not share. Bold indicates a discrepancy with Valenzuelas (2015, p. 13) analysis.
Case systems in Quechua, Aymara (based on Cerrn-Palomino (2008)), Shawi and Shiwilu (Barraza de Garca, 2005a; L. M. Rojas-Berscia, 2013; Valenzuela et al., 2013)
