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THE SCOTT AND LAURIE OKI SERIES IN ASIAN AMERICAN STUDIES

From a Three-Cornered World: New and Selected Poems by James Masao Mitsui

Imprisoned Apart: The World War II Correspondence of an Issei Couple by Louis Fiset

Storied Lives: Japanese American Students and World War II by Gary Okihiro

Phoenix Eyes and Other Stories by Russell Charles Leong

Paper Bullets: A Fictional Autobiography by Kip Fulbeck

Born in Seattle: The Campaign for Japanese American Redress by Robert Sadamu Shimabukuro

Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites by Jeffery F. Burton, Mary M. Farrell, Florence B. Lord, and Richard W. Lord

Judgment without Trial: Japanese American Imprisonment during World War II by Tetsuden Kashima

Shopping at Giant Foods: Chinese American Supermarkets in Northern California by Alfred Yee

Altered Lives, Enduring Community: Japanese Americans Remember Their World War II Incarceration by Stephen S. Fugita and Marilyn Fernandez

Eat Everything Before You Die: A Chinaman in the Counterculture by Jeffery Paul Chan

Form and Transformation in Asian American Literature edited by Zhou Xiaojing and Samina Najmi

Language of the Geckos and Other Stories by Gary Pak

Nisei Memories: My Parents Talk about the War Years by Paul Howard Takemoto

Growing Up Brown: Memoirs of a Bridge Generation Filipino American by Peter Jamero

Letters from the 442nd: The World War II Correspondence of a Japanese American Medic by Minoru Masuda; edited by Hana Masuda and Dianne Bridgman

Shadows of a Fleeting World: Pictorial Photography and the Seattle Camera Club by David F. Martin and Nicolette Bromberg

Signs of Home: The Paintings and Wartime Diary of Kamekichi Tokita by Barbara Johns and Kamekichi Tokita

Nisei Soldiers Break Their Silence: Coming Home to Hood River by Linda Tamura

This book is published with the assistance of a grant from the Scott and Laurie Oki Endowed Fund for publications in Asian American Studies.

2012 by the University of Washington Press
Printed and bound in the United States of America
Design by Thomas Eykemans
17 16 15 14 13 12 5 4 3 2 1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS
PO Box 50096, Seattle, WA 98145, USA
www.washington.edu/uwpress

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Tamura, Linda, 1949
Nisei soldiers break their silence : coming home to Hood River / Linda Tamura.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-295-99209-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. World War, 19391945Participation, Japanese American. 2. World War, 19391945Japanese Americans. 3. Japanese American soldiersOregonHood RiverHistory20th century. 4. Japanese American soldiersOregonHood RiverBiography. 5. Hood River (Or.)Ethnic relationsHistory20th century. I. Title.
D753.8.T36 2012 940.54'8173089956079561dc23 2012011201

The paper used in this publication is acid-free and meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.481984.

ISBN 978-0-295-80446-0 (ebook)

To the memories of Dad and Uncle Mam, whose military service prompted my many questions, and Mom, for her abiding faith.

This was not a proud chapter in the history of the Hood River valley. I know it's an agonizing chapter that some would just as soon not reopen. But a wound as deep as this one cannot heal if it is not appropriately treated. Today we get about that healing process with the best of our ability.

Congressman Greg Walden
Memorial Day, 2011, Hood River, Oregon

PREFACE

ON the evening of November 29, 1944, residents of a small, rural community defaced a downtown memorial board that listed the names of 1,600 men and women who had served in the armed forces. By the next morning, sixteen names had been blotted out, dashed with black paint:

George Akiyama

Masaaki Asai

Taro Asai

Noboru Hamada

Kenjiro Hayakawa

Shigenobu Imai

Fred Mitsuo Kinoshita

George Kinoshita

Sagie Nishioka

Mamoru Noji

Henry K. Norimatsu

Katsumi Sato

Harry Osamu Takagi

Eichi Wakamatsu

Johnny Y. Wakamatsu

Bill Shyuichi Yamaki

Those young men were all American citizens, but they had one commonality: their parents were of Japanese descent. (The names of Sho Endow, Sumio Fukui, Frank Hachiya, Setsu Shitara, Fred Sumoge, Nob Takasumi, and Harry Tamura were not on the memorial board because they had registered for the draft outside Hood River. Isao Namba's name, mistaken for a Finnish name, remained.)

That actand an inflamed campaign to discourage the return of these men and their familiesplaced the community at the center of a nationwide debate about the meaning of citizenship in this country.

This is the story of those men, their exploits during World War II, and their relationships to their communitymy hometown.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

THEY were reluctant to share their stories with a Sansei (third generation) who might put their words in print. But eventually they indulged me, and that made all the difference. I am indebted to each of the veterans who so willingly spoke with me, especially Uncle Mam Noji, George Akiyama, and Dad, the first three to participate. Members of their families (including spouses, siblings, and children) also assisted by telling of their family experiences and by helping to locate photos.

I am grateful to two who assisted in carrying out this project. Joan Yasui Emerson ably conducted eight interviews with local community members, even taking an oral history class from my mentor, Charlie Morrissey. And Tim Rooney volunteered to tape-record veterans' interviews and did so with such good nature that the lights and mikes seemed little distraction.

The resourcefulness and openness of Keith Doroski and Bud Collins of the Hood River American Legion added immensely to this project. Other locals who provided important information include Dallas Fridley, regional economist; Connie Nice, The History Museum, Hood River County; Melanee Gillette, Chamber of Commerce; and the late Dave Burkhart, former agriculture extension agent. The late Harry Inukai and Bessie Asai and Marie Asai helped me to collect local data, and Hiro Nishimura assisted in gathering materials about the Military Intelligence Service.

Other skilled resource experts include Gary Klein, Ford Schmidt, and Rich Schmidt, at the Mark O. Hatfield Library, and Dick Breen and Tim Kelly, at the J. W. Long Law Library, all at Willamette University; Alice LaViolette, Oregon State Library; Gary Halvorson, Oregon State Archives; Kenneth Schlessinger, National Archives and Records Administration; Marie Masumoto, Toshiko McCallum, and Jane Nakasako, Hirasaki National Resource Center at the Japanese American National Museum; Kevin Flanagan, National American Legion Library; Mike Wells, Office of Policy and Planning, National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs; and the staffs at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Department of the Army, the Public Library of Anniston-Calhoun County, and the Tualatin Public Library.

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