The Paradox of the Immune System
Protection, Chronic Inflammation, Autoimmune Disease, Cancer and Pandemics
Louis J. Catania
Salus University, College of Health Sciences, PA, United States
University of North Florida, Osher Lifelong Learning Institute, FL, United States
Table of Contents
Copyright
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom
525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publishers permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-323-95187-6
For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: Stacy Masucci
Acquisitions Editor: Linda Versteeg-Buschman
Editorial Project Manager: Matthew Mapes
Production Project Manager: Maria Bernard
Cover Designer: Mark Rogers
Typeset by TNQ Technologies
Dedication
For those souls lost during the COVID-19 pandemic and to their families, my deepest sympathy, and to all those in health care and their families who have sacrificed so much, my sincere appreciation.
List of Figures
- Figure 1-1 Organs of the immune system.
- Figure 1-2 White blood cells (WBCs or Leukocytes).
- Figure 1-3 Antigen presenting complex (Dendritic cell)diagram #1.
- Figure 1-4 Early innate immune responsediagram #2.
- Figure 1-5 Continuing innate immune responsediagram #3.
- Figure 1-6 The adaptive (acquired) immune responsediagram #4.
- Figure 2-1 The inflammatory cascadediagram #5.
- Figure 2-2 Clinical manifestations of acute inflammationdiagram #6.
- Figure 2-3 Treatment considerations in acute inflammationdiagram #7.
- Figure 2-4 Leukocyte (neutrophil) extravasation.
- Figure 3-1 Chromosome.
- Figure 3-2 DNA and RNA structure.
- Figure 3-3 Human karyotype.
- Figure 3-4 Cellular biology of the human genome.
- Figure 3-5 Transcription and translation.
- Figure 3-6 Central dogma of molecular biology.
- Figure 4-1 Acute versus chronic inflammation.
- Figure 4-2 Chronic inflammation and disease.
- Figure 5-1 Clinical autoimmune cyclediagram #8.
- Figure 5-2 Stem cell renewal and differentiation.
- Figure 5-3 Direct and cell-based stem cell therapy.
- Figure 5-4 Chimeric autoantigen receptor T-cells (CAART-T).
- Figure 5-5 CRISPR-Cas9 procedure.
- Figure 6-1 Monoclonal antibody binding to C19 and C3 receptors.
- Figure 6-2 Idiotype-Anti-idiotype Regulatory Circuit (or Loop)Diagram #9.
- Figure 6-3 Chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CART-Ts).
- Figure 7-1 SARS-CoV-2 life cycle.
- Figure 7-2 mRNA (messenger RNA) vaccine.
List of Tables
- Table 4-1 Theories on etiologies and pathogenesis of chronic inflammation.
- Table 4-2 Proinflammatory mediators.
- Table 4-3 Most common chronic inflammatory orthopedic (musculoskeletal) conditions (Alphabetical).
- Table 4-4 Ten Most Common Chronic Conditions (ranked by death rate).
- Table 5-1 Listing of prevalent autoimmune diseases.
- Table 5-2 Theories on etiologies and pathogenesis of autoimmune disease.
- Table 5-3 Classification of autoimmune diseases by clinical presentation.
- Table 5-4 Examples of biologic immunopharmacotherapeutics.
- Table 5-5 Ten (10) most common autoimmune diseases.
- Table 5-6 Immunotherapeutic medication options for chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cancers (Generic and brand names/ mab suffix = monoclonal antibody).
- Table 5-7 Monoclonal antibody options (generic and brand names).
- Table 6-1 Common cancer types.
- Table 6-2 Top 10 (10) cancers in America.
- Table 6-3 Clinical diagnostic tests for cancer.
Louis J. Catania, O.D., F.A.A.O., D.Sc. (Hon.)
(Biographical)
Dr. Louis J. (Lou) Catania is an internationally acclaimed educator, and a recognized expert in eye care, health care, artificial intelligence (AI), and immunology. He has authored over 160 journal articles and 12 textbooks, one of which, Primary Care of the Anterior Segment received the Baron's Five Star (highest) rating for a medical textbook. He is currently a lecturer with the University of North Florida, Department of Continuing Education, Osher Lifelong Learning Institute; and a visiting Professor at Salus University, College of Health Sciences. During his 52-year clinical and academic career he has taught and lectured extensively worldwide. Dr. Catania's career in health care started as an optometric physician with an interest in corneal immunology. That interest grew into postdoctoral pursuits over the past 35 years with studies in virology, immunology, and public health (University of Rochester, UPenn, Stanford Continuing Studies and MIT OpenCourseWare). He has dedicated himself to research, teaching, and writing with his three most recent books on AI in health care, AI in immunology, and an inspired new text on the mercurial nature of the human immune system (The Paradox of the Immune System). Dr. Catania's professional accomplishments in eye care, health care, and immunology have produced countless honors and awards including two Honorary Doctor of Science degrees; Distinguished Faculty Scholar at three academic institutions; induction into the National Optometry Hall of Fame; and innumerable domestic and international keynote and commencement addresses. In his personal time, Dr. Catania is an active volunteer with the National Park Service; a sea turtle patrol monitor in his beach community; and involved in multiple environmental, humanitarian and human welfare agencies.