Roger R. Tamte - Walter Camp and the Creation of American Football
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- Book:Walter Camp and the Creation of American Football
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- Year:2018
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Roger R. Tamte tells the engrossing but forgotten life story of Walter Camp, the man contemporaries called the father of American football. He charts Camps leadership as American players moved away from rugby and for the first time tells the story behind the remarkably inventive rule change that, in Camps own words, was more important than all the rest of the legislation combined. Trials also emerged, as when disputes over forward passing, the ten-yard first down, and other rules became so public that President Theodore Roosevelt took sides. The resulting political process produced losses for Camp as well as successes, but soon a consensus grew that football needed no new major changes. American football was on its way, but as time passed, Camps name and defining influence became lost to history.
Entertaining and exhaustively researched, Walter Camp and the Creation of American Football weaves the life story of an important sports pioneer with a long-overdue history of the dramatic events that produced the nations most popular game.
|CoverTitleCopyrightContentsPrefaceAcknowledgments1. Beginnings, Known and Unknown2. Given a New Era3. Officially Under Way4. You Must Do Something5. Making It Their Own6. Captain7. The Extracurriculum and Beyond8. Fourth Year9. Moving on, Ready or Not10. Still under Construction11. The Main Invention12. Birth Year13. Impossible to Ignore14. Besides Medical School15. Career Realities16. Not So Easy After All17. Writer, Teacher . . . Director?18. Having Waited in Vain19. Father of Football20. An American Game of Football21. Headquarters on Gill Street22. Rivalry Demands Rules23. Why American Football Grew24. All-Americans25. Author for an Expanding Game26. Second Most Important Man in New Haven?27. Its Official: We Want to Win28. A Chief Charm of the Game29. What Does Walter Think?30. The End of Student Rule Making31. New Voices32. Critics and Defenders33. Breakup34. Failure Achieved35. The Future Foreseen36. Pax Intercollegiata37. Striving for More38. More than a Game39. Officially a Yale Official40. Not Done Yet41. The Game I Have Worked So Hard For42. A President Involved43. Tipping Point44. Democracy in Action45. Starting from Scratch46. Football as We Know It47. Besides Rule Making48. Away with the Old49. I Will Give It Up50. Alternative Service51. The Frankenstein of College Athletics52. Unrecognized LegacyAppendixNotesSelected BibliographyIndex|
Tamte has produced a well-researched account of Walter Camps wide-ranging life and careers that particularly included his actively working on the early development of the game of American football, and his many years at Yale. This is an easy to read and valuable look at one of sports amazing pioneers.Raymond Schmidt, College Football Historical Society
Embedded in this biography is a fantastic narrative history of how and why football exploded in popularity on college campuses and in American popular culture. Superbly researched and well written, this book will appeal to sports enthusiasts and scholars alike. Highly recommended. Choice
Tamte skillfully weaves myriad details of two interconnected stories. . . . A definitive study. Journal of American Culture
|Roger R. Tamte is a patent attorney and scholar of early American football who has...
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Good fortune places me near both the University of Minnesota libraries, which became my basic place of research, and the Hennepin County Public Library system, which I also used extensively. Both libraries have broad collections and very helpful staffs, for which I am sincerely grateful.
The most indispensable library was the Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives, where the Walter Camp Papers are housed and which is very well staffed and hospitable to research. Over the years, many different staff members helped me, too many to accurately mention, but through the whole of those many years Michael Frost welcomed me, was always there, and went the extra mile many times. Also in New Haven is the Whitney Library of the New Haven Museum where papers of the New Haven Clock Company are stored as well as many other useful historical resources. Again the staff members were very helpful, but I especially relied on Frances Skelton, who had a special ability to locate materials and to respond to questions raised in the research.
I wish I could list all the other many libraries and librarians who helped in preparation of this book, but I would certainly overlook someone for whom I feel great appreciation. I hope all those who helped will consider their contributions to have been appropriately used and to have made a difference in telling this story of Walter Camp and his role in the creation of American football.
I also received important help and encouragement from history professors of the North American Society for Sport History, particularly Professors Ron Smith and John Watterson, who both reviewed some of my writing and sent helpful advice. The attention given the manuscript by the reviewers and editors of the University of Illinois Press, producing extensive and crucially important suggestions and corrections, was also very much appreciated.
The drawing of comparative game balls in was prepared by a longtime colleague, Paul Stenger.
Last, I want to publicly express my thankfulness to my wife, Gloria, who has supported me throughout this project. Though the project lasted much longer than expected, she graciously continued her support with only a few appropriate nudges toward the end that it was time to be done.
Chronology of Major Rule Changes That Transformed Rugby into American Football, 18761924
| 1876 | At the founding convention of the American Intercollegiate Football Association, November 23, 1876, English rugby rules are adopted, except that: |
| A referee is included to oversee the game (thus beginning a new regime of decision making that will obsolete predecessor rugby procedures in which umpires, one appointed by each team, or team captains, decided disputes). | |
| A game shall be decided by touchdowns instead of kicked goals, as in rugby. But each kicked goal shall count four touchdowns. | |
| 1879 | If a player purposefully fouls an opponent to gain ground for his side, the referee can award ball possession to the offended side. |
| 1880 | A new scrimmage procedure is defined: A scrimmage takes place when the holder of the ballputs it down on the ground in front of him and puts it in playby kicking the ball or snapping it back with the foot. |
| 1882 | Basic new game methodology is added: if in three consecutive downs a team has not advanced the ball five yards or lost ten, it must give |
| 1883 | Point system of scoring introduced: a safety counts one point for the opponents, a touchdown counts two points, a goal-after-touchdown counts an additional four points, and a goal from the field counts five points. |
| 1884 | Point values are changed: a safety counts two points instead of one, a touchdown counts four points, and a goal-after-touchdown counts two points. |
| 1885 | No delay shall continue more than five minutes. Either side refusing to play after ordered by referee shall forfeit the game. |
| 1887 | An umpire (a neutral official, not one appointed by each team) is added to judge players conduct. |
| 1888 | Blocking in advance of a runner is legalized; offensive players are barred from using hands or arms during blocking. |
| Intentional tackling below the knees is forbidden (replacing a previous rule that prohibited tackling below the hips). | |
| 1889 | The referee shall use a stopwatch in timing the game. |
| Both referee and umpire shall use whistles to indicate cessation of play for fouls or downs. | |
| Game stopwatch shall be stopped while the ball is positioned for a try-at-goal after touchdown or for a kickoff or kick-out (in these early years, after a team took a touchback or safety, play was resumed by that team kicking out onto the playing field). Time shall not be called at the end of a half until the ball is dead. | |
| 1890 | An injured player who has been replaced shall not later play in the game. |
| 1892 | The umpire shall allow no coaching, either by coaches or by anyone else inside the ropes or by substitutes coming on the field. |
| 1894 | Linesman added as third game official. |
| A rule-required kick (for example, a kickoff) must travel at least ten yards unless stopped by opponents. | |
| Momentum-mass plays in which more than three men start moving forward before the ball is snapped are barred. | |
| Player intending fair catch must raise hand and cannot run after catch. Catcher's side awarded fifteen yards for interference with catch. | |
| 1896 | Before the ball is put in play in a scrimmage, all players on offense must come to a full stop, except one may be in motion toward his own goal. At least five players on offense must be on the line of scrimmage at snapback. |
| 1898 | A player may be substituted for another at any time at the discretion of the team captain, but a replaced player cannot later return to the game. |
| Value of touchdown increased to five points, and goal-after-touchdown reduced to one point. | |
| (A note is added at the end of Rule 1, suggesting the usefulness for measuring five yards in three downs of two light polesconnected at the lower ends by achain.) | |
| 1903 | Between twenty-five yard lines, at least seven offensive players must be on the line of scrimmage at snapback. Person receiving the snapback may run forward only after first running five or more yards to the side of the snapback position. |
| Portion of field between twenty-five-yard lines shall be marked with lines five yards apart and parallel to the sidelines, creating a checkerboard rather than gridiron appearance. | |
| Side scored upon given option to kick off or have opponents kick off. | |
| No shoe leather, papier-mch, or other hard material may be used in head protector; other protective devices must be padded, so as, in discretion of umpire, not to endanger other players. | |
| 1904 | Value of field goal reduced from five points to four. |
| If the winner of the toss at the start of the game selects the goal, the loser must take the kickoff. | |
| 1905 | Referee is to blow whistle to stop play as soon as forward progress of the ball is stopped. |
| A substitute entering the game must report to the referee. | |
| 1906 | The distance to be gained in three downs to retain ball possession is increased to ten yards. |
| A pass may be thrown forward once per scrimmage provided that if the ball touches the ground before being touched by a player of |
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