Lee Ann Remington - Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual System E-Book

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Fourth Edition

Lee Ann Remington, OD, MS
Professor Emerita
Pacific University College of Optometry
Forest Grove, Oregon

Denise Goodwin, OD, FAAO
Professor of Optometry
Pacific University College of Optometry
Forest Grove, Oregon

3251 Riverport Lane

CLINICAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM, FOURTH EDITION

ISBN: 978-0-323-71168-5

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Notices

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Previous editions copyrighted 2012, 2005, and 1998

Library of Congress Number: 2021936357

Senior Content Strategist: Kayla Wolfe

Content Development Specialist: Kristen Helm

Publishing Services Manager: Shereen Jameel

Project Manager: Aparna Venkatachalam

Design Direction: Brian Salisbury

Printed in Canada

Last digit is the print number:987654321

To Dan for his encouragement and support.

LAR

To Spencer who supports me in all my crazy endeavors, and to Bob who started me writing.

DG

Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual System was written to provide optometry, ophthalmology, and visual science students, as well as clinicians, with a single text that describes the embryology, anatomy, histology, physiology, blood supply, and innervation of the globe and ocular adnexa. The visual and pupillary pathways are covered as well. The text is fully referenced, and information gathered from historical and current literature is well documented. An overview of the visual system, as well as a short review of histology and physiology, is provided in the introductory chapter. Thereafter, detailed discussions and images help illustrate anatomy and physiology concepts related to the visual system.

Chapters are roughly arranged anatomically, starting anteriorly and moving posteriorly. describes the crystalline lens.

In our experience, students can more easily grasp the intricacies of ocular development after gaining a comprehensive understanding of the composition of the structures; therefore ocular embryology is covered in explains the extraocular muscles and describes movements that result from contraction of the muscles with the eye in various positions of gaze; an explanation of the clinical assessment of extraocular muscle function based on the anatomy is included.

The branches of the internal and the external carotid arteries that supply the globe and adnexa are identified in presents the autonomic pathways to the smooth muscles of the orbit and to the lacrimal gland. The pupillary pathway is included in this chapter, as is a discussion of the more common pupillary abnormalities and the relation between the pathway and the clinical presentation. Some of the common pharmaceutical agents and their actions and pupillary effects are covered as well. The final chapter has significant detail on the relationship between the structures of the visual pathway and neighboring structures and on the orientation of the fibers as they course through the cranium en route to the striate cortex. Examples are given of characteristic visual field defects associated with injury to various regions of the pathway.

In the format used in the text, terms and names of structures are noted in bold print when they are first described or explained. The name for a structure that is more common in usage is presented first, followed by other terms by which that structure is also known. Current nomenclature tends to use the more descriptive name rather than proper nouns when identifying structures, but that is not always the case, especially when the proper name of an individual has been linked so closely historically (e.g., Schwalbe line and Schlemm canal). When proper names are used, we have followed the example of major journals, which are phasing out the use of the possessive form of the name.

Experienced clinicians know that the knowledge of structure and function provides a good foundation for recognizing and understanding clinical situations, conditions, diseases, and treatments. For this reason, Clinical Comments are included throughout the book to emphasize common clinical problems, disease processes, or abnormalities that have a basis in anatomy or physiology.

Lee Ann Remington, OD, MS
Denise Goodwin, OD, FAAO

We have had the pleasure of interacting with many bright, engaging students while teaching at Pacific University College of Optometry. Their questions, corrections, suggestions, and enthusiasm motivate us to continually improve and update the understanding of the process we call vision. We are grateful for their kindness; they make our days richer.

We are also fortunate to work with an extraordinary group of colleagues, the faculty at Pacific, who create an enjoyable environment conducive to academic growth. We are grateful to Dean Jennifer Coyle and Dean Fraser Horn for the constant level of support they have provided and to the optometry faculty for their warm encouragement and help during this process.

Kristen Helm, our Content Development Specialist at Elsevier, championed the project and guided us with kindness and tact throughout the entire process, and for that we are grateful. Kayla Wolfe, our Content Strategist at Elsevier, competently combined the text and figures into a cohesive whole. We appreciate her thoughtful suggestions.

The visual system takes in information from the environment in the form of light and analyzes and interprets the data. This process of sight and visual perception involves a complex system of structures, each of which is designed for a specific purpose. The organization of each structure enables it to perform its intended function.