Janyce G. Dyer - Anatomy and Physiology Made Incredibly Visual!

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Directional terms Generally, directional terms can be grouped into pairs of opposites. Reference planes Reference planes are imaginary lines used to section the body and its organs. These lines run longitudinally, horizontally, and on an angle. Median sagittal The median sagittal plane passes through the center of the body, dividing it into two equal right and left halves. Transverse The transverse, or horizontal, plane is at a right angle to both the median and frontal planes; it divides the body into upper and lower sections. Frontal The frontal plane, also called the coronal plane , passes at a right angle to the medial plane, dividing the body into front and back portions. Body cavities Body cavities are spaces within the body that contain internal organs. Body cavities Body cavities are spaces within the body that contain internal organs.

The dorsal and ventral cavities are the two major closed cavitiescavities without direct openings to the outside of the body.

Body regions Right and left hypochondriac Contain the diaphragm, portions of the kidneys, the right side of the liver, the spleen, and part of the pancreas Epigastric Contains most of the pancreas and portions of the stomach, liver, inferior vena cava, abdominal aorta, and duodenum Right and left lumbar (lateral) Include portions of the small and large intestines and portions of the kidneys Umbilical Includes sections of the small and large intestines, inferior vena cava, and abdominal aorta Right and left iliac (inguinal) Include portions of the small and large intestines Hypogastric (pubic) Contains a portion of the sigmoid colon, urinary bladder and ureters, and portions of the small intestine Cells are the bodys basic building blocks. Theyre the smallest living components of an organism. The human body consists of millions of cells grouped into highly specialized units that function together throughout the organisms life. Large groups of individual cells form tissues, such as muscle and blood.