STUDIES IN FORCED MIGRATION
General Editors: Stephen Castles and Dawn Chatty
Volume 1
A Tamil Asylum Diaspora: Sri Lankan Migration,
Settlement and Politics in Switzerland
Christopher McDowell
Volume 2
Understanding Impoverishment: The
Consequences of Development-induced
Displacement
Edited by Christopher McDowell
Volume 3
Losing Place: Refugee Populations and Rural
Transformations in East Africa
Johnathan B. Bascom
Volume 4
The End of the Refugee Cycle? Refugee
Repatriation and Reconstruction
Edited by Richard Black and Khalid Koser
Volume 5
Engendering Forced Migration: Theory and
Practice
Edited by Doreen Indra
Volume 6
Refugee Policy in Sudan, 19671984
Ahmed Karadawi
Volume 7
Psychosocial Wellness of Refugees: Issues in
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Edited by Frederick L. Ahearn, Jr.
Volume 8
Fear in Bongoland: Burundi Refugees in Urban
Tanzania
Marc Sommers
Volume 9
Whatever Happened to Asylum in Britain? A Tale
of Two Walls
Louise Pirouet
Volume 10
Conservation and Mobile Indigenous Peoples:
Displacement, Forced Settlement and Sustainable
Development
Edited by Dawn Chatty and Marcus
Colchester
Volume 11
Tibetans in Nepal: The Dynamics of International
Assistance among a Community in Exile
Anne Frechette
Volume 12
Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923
Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece
and Turkey
Edited by Rene Hirschon
Volume 13
Refugees and the Transformation of Societies:
Agency, Policies, Ethics and Politics
Edited by Philomena Essed, Georg Frerks and
Joke Schrijvers
Volume 14
Children and Youth on the Front Line:
Ethnography, Armed Conflict and Displacement
Edited by Jo Boyden and Joanna de Berry
Volume 15
Religion and Nation: Iranian Local and
Transnational Networks in Britain
Kathryn Spellman
Volume 16
Children of Palestine Experiencing Forced
Migration in the Middle East
Edited by Dawn Chatty and Gillian Lewando
Hundt
Volume 17
Rights in Exile: Janus-faced Humanitarianism
Edited by Guglielmo Verdirame and Barbara
Harrell-Bond
Volume 18
Development-induced Displacement: Problems,
Policies and People
Edited by Chris de Wet
Volume 19
Transnational Nomads: How Somalis Cope with
Refugee Life in the Dadaab Camps of Kenya
Cindy Horst
Volume 20
New Regionalism and Asylum Seekers:
Challenges Ahead
Edited by Susan Kneebone. & Felicity
Rawlings-Sanei
Volume 21
(Re)Constructing Armenia in Lebanon and Syria:
Ethno-Cultural Diversity and the State in the
Aftermath of a Refugee Crisis
Nicola Migliorino
Volume 22
Brothers or Others?: Muslim Arab Sudanese in
Egypt
Anita H. Fbos
Volume 23
Iron in the Soul: Displacement, Livelihood and
Health in Cyprus
Peter Loizos
Volume 24
Not Born a Refugee Woman: Contesting
Identities, Rethinking Practices
Edited by Maroussia Hajdukowski-Ahmed,
Nazilla Khanlou & Helene Moussa
Not Born a Refugee Woman
CONTESTING IDENTITIES, RETHINKING PRACTICES
Edited By
Maroussia Hajdukowski-Ahmed
Nazilla Khanlou and
Helene Moussa
Published in 2008 by
Berghahn Books
www.berghahnbooks.com
2008, 2009 Maroussia Hajdukowski-Ahmed, Nazilla Khanlou,
and Helene Moussa
First ebook edition published in 2011
All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
/ edited by Maroussia Hajdukowski-Ahmed, Nazilla Khanlou, and
Helene Moussa.
p. cm.(Studies in forced migration ; v. 24)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-1-84545-497-5 (hbk) -- ISBN 978-1-84545-704-4 (pbk) -- ISBN 978-0-85745-026-5 (ebk)
1. Women refugees. 2. Identity (Psychology)Social aspects. 3. Forced migration. I. Hajdukowski-Ahmed, Maroussia. II. Khanlou, Nazilla. III. Moussa, Helene, 1931-
JV6346.N68 2008
305.48'96914dc22
2008008211
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-84545-497-5 hardback, ISBN 978-1-84545-704-4 paperback, ISBN 978-0-85745-026-5 ebook
Tables, Maps, and Illustrations
Table 14.1 Fact and Figures 2002Refugee Class by
Gender and Category
Table 14.2 Facts and Figures 2002Refugee Class by Gender
and Level of Education
Figure 10.1 Visual representation of an ecosystemic framework
(Source: Guruge 2004)
Acknowledgements
Many people have been directly and indirectly involved in the creation of this volume, too many to name individually. Our gratitude is of a kind, which can hardly be expressed in the form of a simple acknowledgement.
This book evolved from the International Conference Saying I is Full of Consequences. Refugee Women Reclaim their Identity. The thought provoking papers at this conference inspired us to pursue the exploration of the complex refugee women's identity question and its vital implications. The conference was organized by the Program of Women's Studies at McMaster University and the Settlement and Integration Services Organization (SISO) of Hamilton, Canada. We gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and of the Program of Women's Studies of McMaster. We express our gratitude to The Settlement and Integration Services Organization of Hamilton for facilitating our collaboration with refugee women.
We express our respectful appreciation to each of the authors in this volume for their willingness to contribute to the enrichment of the ongoing interdisciplinary discourse on refugee women. Many authors tirelessly combine their scholarly pursuits with activities such as field work, advocacy, therapy, settlement, lecturing, or legal representation. Each author has forged new directions which will address root causes, and as is our hope, will enhance the visibility and presence of refugee women and ensure their rights. We thank them for the diligence in which they met deadlines and for their patience with the publication process.