Ofelia García - Bilingual Education in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective

Para Ricardo Otheguy

por tu paciencia, generosidad y amor

For Joshua A. Fishman

for sharing your insights and lessons

This edition first published 2009

2009 Ofelia Garca

Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwells publishing program has been merged with Wileys global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.

Registered Office

John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

Editorial Offices

350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA

9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of Ofelia Garca to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Garca, Ofelia.

Bilingual education in the 21st century: a global perspective/Ofelia Garca; with contributions by Hugo Baetens Beardsmore.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 9781405119931 (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN 9781405119948 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Education, Bilingual. I. Beardsmore, Hugo Baetens. II. Title. III. Title: Bilingual education in the twenty-first century.

LC3715.G37 2008

370.117dc22

2008017214

List of Figures

Subtractive Bilingualism

Additive Bilingualism

Recursive Bilingualism

Dynamic Bilingualism

Separate Underlying Proficiency/Common Underlying Proficiency

Relationship between Language and Culture

Subtractive Bilingual Education Theoretical Framework

Additive Bilingual Education Theoretical Framework

Recursive Bilingual Education Theoretical Framework

Dynamic Bilingual Education Theoretical Framework

Type of Bilingualism and Type of Bilingual Education Program

Timeline of Bilingual Education Policy in the United States

Cognitive Demands and Contextual Support in Bilingual Pedagogy

Continua of Biliteracy

Convergent Monoliterate Model

Convergent Biliterate Model

Separation Biliterate Model

Flexible Multiple Model

Literacy Education in Transitional Bilingual Education Programs

Transaction with Written Texts

Emphasis of Reading Activities with Emergent vs. Fluent Bilinguals

List of Tables

Differences between Bilingual Education and Language Education

Sociohistorical and Sociolinguistic Orientations and Bilingualism

Internet World Users by Language

Second-Language Users

Models of Bilingualism

Language Abilities

Type of Bilingual Ability and Language Ability

Independence vs. Interdependence in Language Planning

Bilingual Education Models According to Hornberger (1991)

Contextual and Structural Characteristics According to Hornberger (1991)

Theoretical Frameworks of Bilingual Education

Theoretical Framework and Bilingual Education Types

Children and Bilingual Education Types

Initial Language Emphasis and Bilingual Education Types

Types of Bilingual Education and Characteristics

Macro-Factors and Interdependent Variables for BE Policies

States that Have Adopted English Only Laws

Language Spoken at Home by 517-year-olds

Languages Spoken at Home by 517-year-old Schoolchildren in States with High Concentration of LOTE Speakers

Number of Bilinguals and Emergent Bilinguals among Schoolchildren of Different Language Groups

School Districts in Cities and Number and Proportion of Emergent Bilinguals Ranked by Number

Increase of Immigrant Population per State, 19902000

Region of Birth of Foreign-born Population in the U.S., 19102000

Languages Spoken by U.S. Emergent Bilinguals

Language Education Programs in the U.S. Today

English Total Reading for Emergent Bilinguals in Different Kinds of Programs

Spanish Total Reading for Students in Different Kinds of Programs

Top Twelve Languages Studied in Colleges and Universities in the U.S

Illustrations of Good Practice

Language Policies and Bilingual Education Types: Monoglossic Beliefs

Types of Monoglossic Bilingual Education and Characteristics

Planning Language and Bilingual Education Types: Heteroglossic Beliefs

Primary School Program: Number of Hours Devoted to Language as Subject

Lower Secondary School Program: Language as Subject Lessons per Grade

Curriculum Framework 20072012 Orissa

Types of Heteroglossic Bilingual Education and Characteristics

Bilingual Arrangements, Strategies and Models of Teaching

Instructional Approaches and Methods in Bilingual Education

Bilingual Education Pedagogy Principles

Language Objectives for the Bilingual Classroom

Principles and Dimensions of Bilingual Pedagogy

Scaffolding Structural Components

Biliteracy Models, Goals and Bilingual Education Frameworks

Types of Scripts and Languages

Strategies for Mini-Lessons during Shared Reading

Integrative Table: Bilingual Education

Preface and Acknowledgments (and a Caveat)

This book has been the result of a long trajectory. Originally, the book was conceived as a co-authored work with Hugo Baetens Beardsmore. The finished book contains two chapters that are solely authored by Hugo Baetens Beardsmore, and two which he co-authored. These chapters contain his name, and his role may be visible to the readers. What may not be visible, however, is the extent of Hugo Baetens Beardsmores contributions to the entire book. Hugo read, commented, gave of his expertise, and expanded on all the chapters. And we negotiated much. When he generously decided that his name should not appear as author, I intended to alert the reader whenever he had made an addition. I soon discovered that this was impossible because his contributions are so extensive. Because his voice is intertwined with mine throughout, there is a we voice across the book, which I have chosen to retain. I owe much gratitude to Hugo Baetens Beardsmore. This book could not have been written without your support and encouragement. You have been a faithful email correspondent and a wonderful teacher. I am grateful for your extensive knowledge and experience, your generosity, and, especially, your sense of humor.