Chattopadhyaya Mahesh Chandra - Advanced nanomaterials for wastewater remediation

Advanced Nanomaterials for Wastewater Remediation

Advances in Water and Wastewater Transport and Treatment

A SERIES

Series Editor

Amy J. Forsgren

Xylem, Sweden

Advanced Nanomaterials for Wastewater Remediation

Ravindra Kumar Gautam and Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya

Membrane Bioreactor Processes: Principles and Applications

Seong-Hoon Yoon

Wastewater Treatment: Occurrence and Fate of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Amy J. Forsgren

Harmful Algae Blooms in Drinking Water: Removal of Cyanobacterial Cells and Toxins

Harold W. Walker

ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION

Advanced Nanomaterials for Wastewater Remediation

Edited by

Ravindra Kumar Gautam

Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

Version Date: 20160414

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-5333-3 (Hardback)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Gautam, Ravindra Kumar, editor. | Chattopadhyaya, Mahesh Chandra, editor.

Title: Advanced nanomaterials for wastewater remediation / editors, Ravindra Kumar Gautam and Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya.

Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis Group, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, [2016] | Series: Advances in water and wastewater transport and treatment ; 4 | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016004617 | ISBN 9781498753333 (acid-free paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Water--Purification--Materials. | Nanostructured materials--Industrial applications. | Nanotechnology.

Classification: LCC TD477 .A38 2016 | DDC 628.3--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016004617

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Dedicated to

My loving sister, the late Pratiksha Gautam

(R.K. Gautam)

And to our

Maa & Baba

Contents

Anupreet Kaur

Debasis Ghosh, Barun Kumar Nandi, Mehabub Rahaman, and Mihir Kumar Purkait

Farshid Ghanbari and Mahsa Moradi

Emilio Rosales, Marta Pazos, and M. ngeles Sanromn

Asif Ali Khan, Shakeeba Shaheen, and Nida Alam

Nalini Sankararamakrishnan

Vinod Kumar Garg and Navish Kataria

Geoffrey S. Simate and Lubinda F. Walubita

Ramasamy Boopathy

Sushmita Banerjee and Ravindra Kumar Gautam

Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini, Lee Lin Zhi, and Tang Shu Hui

Annamalai Sivaraman, Dhevagoti Manjula Dhevi, Arun Anand Prabu, Kap Jin Kim

Sushmita Banerjee, Puja Rai, Vandani Rawat, and Ravindra Kumar Gautam

Heecheul Kim, Dhevagoti Manjula Dhevi, Kap Jin Kim, Arun Anand Prabu, and Xubiao Luo

Anamika Kushwaha, Radha Rani, and Vishnu Agarwal

Water is life. The human body contains, on average, 60% water by weight. The hydrolysis reaction, which is one of the most common reactions that takes place in the human body, requires water for its completion. Thus, of necessity, without pure and nascent water, life will end on our planet. Although it is reported that water was purified in ancient Egypt by using charcoal, it is still used today in different forms to purify water. With the advent of physical and chemical characterization techniques at the atomic level, and the understanding of them through theoretical study in angstrom to nanometer scale, there is an improvement in the understanding of the use of nanotechnology, which can play a pivotal role in improving the standard of life many times over through its application in water, health care, food, and electronics. This book attempts to show the use of nanotechnology in the purification of water. Water is plentifully available on the planet and, thus, we tend to ignore the importance of water treatment and purification and its requirement in daily life. Since water distribution across land masses is quite erratic, it is important that we treat water, recycle, and reuse it as far as possible. It is in this context that the topic chosen by the authors is very relevant in todays world scenario, due to the environmental concern toward both water and air pollution and their nexus to the food chain. I must congratulate the editors and authors who brought together this bouquet of chapters, which encompasses different aspects of wastewater treatment using nanotechnology concepts, and I wish them great success in disseminating the knowledge!

Professor Suddhasatwa Basu, FNASc, FICS

(Former Head of Chemical Engineering Department, I.I.T. Delhi)

(Former Chairman of IIChE NRC)

Chemical Engineering Department

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Water is the driving force in nature.

Leonardo da Vinci (14521519)

Contamination of aqueous environments by hazardous chemical compounds has increased tremendously during the last couple of decades, due to enhanced industrialization, burgeoning urbanization, and the haphazard growth of the world population. Thus, the supply of clean water has declined rapidly throughout the globe to meet the recommended safe limits. Pollution by metals, metalloids, dyes, volatile organic compounds, and other inorganic and organic salts is one of the most widespread concerns of aquatic ecosystems. Many of them are difficult to biodegrade, possess high solubility in water, and facilitate increased mobilization in abiotic and biotic environments, thus threatening human health and aquatic organisms. As a consequence of growing pressure on the water supply in drought-prone areas, and for industrial and civil purposes, the use of unconventional water sources such as treated wastewater will be a new norm. Hence, various remediation measures such as membrane filtration, coagulationflocculation and oxidationreduction processes, bioremediation, and adsorption have been examined regarding the separation and purification of contaminated aqueous environments. All these technological innovations have their own benefits and drawbacks.