Nicholas A. Basbanes - Cross of Snow: A Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
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In Cross of Snow, the result of more than twelve years of research, including access to never-before-examined letters, diaries, journals, notes, Nicholas Basbanes reveals the life, the times, the work--the soul--of the man who shaped the literature of a new nation with his countless poems, sonnets, stories, essays, translations, and whose renown was so wide-reaching that his deep friendships included Charles Dickens, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Julia Ward Howe, and Oscar Wilde.
Basbanes writes of the shaping of Longfellows character, his huge body of work that included translations of numerous foreign works, among them, the first rendering into a complete edition by an American of Dantes Divine Comedy. We see Longfellows two marriages, both happy and contented, each cut short by tragedy. His first to Mary Storer Potter that ended in the aftermath of a miscarriage, leaving Longfellow devastated. His second marriage to the brilliant Boston socialite--Fanny Appleton, after a three-year pursuit by Longfellow (his fiery crucible, he called it), and his emergence as a literary force and a man of letters.
A portrait of a bold artist, experimenter of poetic form and an innovative translator--the human being that he was, the times in which he lived, the people whose lives he touched, his monumental work and its place in his America and ours.
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On Paper
About the Author
A World of Letters
Editions & Impressions
Every Book Its Reader
A Splendor of Letters
Among the Gently Mad
Patience & Fortitude
A Gentle Madness
THIS IS A BORZOI BOOK
PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A. KNOPF
Copyright 2020 by Nicholas A. Basbanes
All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York, and distributed in Canada by Penguin Random House Canada Limited, Toronto.
www.aaknopf.com
Knopf, Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Penguin Random House, LLC.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Basbanes, Nicholas A., [date] author.
Title: Cross of snow : a life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow / Nicholas A. Basbanes.
Description: New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019028002 (print) | LCCN 2019028003 (ebook) | ISBN 9781101875148 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781101875155 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH : Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 18071882. | Longfellow, Fanny Appleton, 18171861. | Poets, American19th centuryBiography. | Authors spousesUnited StatesBiography.
Classification: LCC PS 2281 . B 37 2020 (print) | LCC PS 2281 (ebook) | DDC 811/.3 [ B ]dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019028002
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019028003
Ebook ISBN9781101875155
Cover image: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (detail), 1868, by Julia Margaret Cameron. The Art Institute of Chicago / akg-images.
Cover design by John Gall
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For Connie,
my companion on the highway of letters,
non clamor sed amor
Quotations from Henry W. Longfellows journals are drawn from my examination of the manuscript copies in the Longfellow Papers (MS Am 1340) at Houghton Library, Harvard University, which I photographed during multiple research visits, in tandem with an unpublished partial transcription of the journals prepared in the 1990s by the late Stanley Patterson for the National Park Service, custodian of Longfellow HouseWashingtons Headquarters National Historic Site. Longfellows manuscript journals are contained in numerous volumes, each with its own call number. Quotations from letters Longfellow wrote to others are taken, for the most part, from Andrew Hilens indispensable six-volume edition, The Letters of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 19661982). Letters to Longfellow are quoted from unpublished correspondence in Houghton Library (bMS Am 1340.2), which I also photographed and transcribed, and identify in the notes with their individual folder numbers.
Quotations from the journals and correspondence of Frances Elizabeth Appleton Longfellow (FEAL) are drawn from my examination of digitally photographed copies of the unpublished documents, in tandem with verbatim transcriptions recently compiled by professional archivists at Longfellow House. In the interest of readability, and in conformance with the Chicago Manual of Style, Fanny Appletons lifelong use of the ampersand (&) for and has been replaced uniformly by me with and. All quotations, word usages, and spellings distinctive to the nineteenth century are as they appear in the original documents. Quotations from Longfellows poetry and prose writings are drawn, for the most part, from the earliest published editions, as available electronically through Google Books in full-text facsimile copies. Otherwise I have relied on The Complete Writings of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, eleven volumes (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1904), known as the Craigie Edition.
O ye familiar scenes,ye groves of pine,
That once were mine and are no longer mine,
Thou river, widening through the meadows green
To the vast sea, so near and yet unseen,
Ye halls, in whose seclusion and repose
Phantoms of fame, like exhalations, rose
And vanished,we who are about to die,
Salute you; earth and air and sea and sky,
And the Imperial Sun that scatters down
His sovereign splendors upon grove and town.
from Morituri Salutamus, poem for the fiftieth anniversary of the class of 1825 in Bowdoin College
Beloved by millions of readers worldwide through much of the nineteenth century, the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was in every respect a man for all seasons, discreet, loyal, and principled to a fault. Total strangers wrote him letters by the hundreds, an estimated twenty thousand during his lifetime, and he answered as many as he could, always gracious, always thoughtful. When admirers arrived unannounced at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which they did by the droves, he was the person who opened the front door, occasionally inviting them inside, readily dispensing autographed cards kept nearby for just that purpose. And he was a soft touch, too; when asked for financial help, as he frequently was, he freely gave, even sent money on several occasions to Maria Poe Muddy Clemm, the destitute aunt and mother-in-law of his most abusive antagonist, Edgar Allan Poe.
One activity the Bard of Brattle Street routinely shunned, however, was speaking in public. Longfellow had the deepest admiration for those able to captivate multitudes with the spoken wordthe Britons Charles Dickens and Fanny Kemble being two in particular, the French tragic actress Rachel Flix anotherbut the written word was how he preferred to communicate with the world at large, and there was no ambiguity on the point. On the day in 1854 that he gave his final lecture as a professor of European languages and belles lettres at Harvard College, he vowed that it would be the last I shall ever deliver here or anywhere else. He was forty-seven years old at the time, and had been teaching for twenty-five of themeighteen at Harvard, and seven before that at his alma mater, Bowdoin College, in Brunswick, Maine. He already enjoyed an international reputation, and had more than sufficient means to live in comfort and provide for his family. It was time, he had decided, to become a full-time writer.
For his final lecture, Longfellow spoke, with intended irony, on Dantes Inferno, and for the next twenty-one years he gave no public readings, and composed no occasional poems to commemorate specific milestones or events. When his dear friend and college classmate Nathaniel Hawthorne died in 1864 at the age of fifty-nine, he wrote a poignant elegy to mourn his loss and served as a pallbearer at the funeral, but did not speak formally at the services. When deeply depressed after suffering a grievous personal loss, he declined an invitation to visit the Bowdoin campus for a few undemanding days of rest and relaxation. Too many ghosts there, he explained simply, and stayed at home.
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