Summerscale Kate - Mrs. Robinsons Disgrace

In France in the late 1850s, Gustave Flaubert was prosecuted for corrupting public morals with Madame Bovary a novel considered too repulsive for publication in Britain. In England, the 1857 Matrimonial Causes Act made divorce for the first time a civil matter, affordable to the middle classes. And the godless ideas Charles Darwin was formulating about natural selection, published to accusations of heresy in 1859, would further undermine the religious and moral tenets of Victorian England.

The story of Isabella Robinsons fall from grace unfolds against this backdrop of dangerously shifting social mores, in which cherished ideas about marriage and female sexuality were coming increasingly under threat. For a society dealing with such radical notions by clinging ever more tightly to its traditional values, Mrs Robinsons diary and the lawless ideas about love expressed in it were nothing short of scandal.

A compelling story of romance and fidelity, insanity, fantasy and the boundaries of privacy, Mrs Robinsons Disgrace brings brilliantly to life a complex, frustrated Victorian wife, longing for passion and learning, companionship and love in an unsettled world which as yet made no allowance for her.

The Queen of Whale Cay
The Suspicions of Mr. Whicher

Copyright 2012 by Kate Summerscale

Title page illustration, A Wife by Sir John Everett Millais, Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library

Family trees by Phillip Beresford

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eISBN 978-0-8027-4368-8

U.S. edition published in 2012

This electronic edition published in June 2012

In memory of my grandmothers, Nelle and Doris,
and my great-aunt Phyllis

The wife sat thoughtfully turning over
A book inscribed with the school-girls name;
A tear one tear fell hot on the cover
She quickly closed when her husband came.

He came, and he went away it was nothing
With cold calm words on either side;
But, just at the sound of the room-door shutting,
A dreadful door in her soul stood wide.

Love, she had read of in sweet romances,
Love that could sorrow, but never fail,
Built her own palace of noble fancies,
All the wide world a fairy tale.

Bleak and bitter, utterly doleful,
Spreads to this woman her map of life;
Hour after hour she looks in her soul, full
Of deep dismay and turbulent strife.

Face in both hands, she knelt on the carpet;
The black cloud loosend, the storm-rain fell:
Oh! Life has so much to wilder and warp it,
One poor hearts day what poet could tell?

A Wife by A [William Allingham],
in Once a Week, 7 January 1860

THE ROBINSONS

THE LANES

THE JUDGES

Sir Alexander Cockburn, Bt, Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas

Sir Cresswell Cresswell, Judge Ordinary of the Court of Divorce and Matrimonial Causes

Sir William Wightman

THE BARRISTERS

For Henry Robinson

Montagu Chambers QC

Jesse Addams QC, DCL

John Karslake

For Isabella Robinson

Robert Phillimore QC, DCL

John Duke Coleridge

For Edward Lane

William Forsyth QC

William Bovill QC

James Deane QC, DCL

In London in the summer of 1858, a court of law began to grant divorces to the English middle classes. Until then, a marriage could be dissolved only by an individual Act of Parliament, at a cost prohibitive to almost all of the population. The new Court of Divorce and Matrimonial Causes was able to sever the marital bond far more cheaply and quickly. To win a divorce was still difficult a man had to prove that his wife had committed adultery, a woman that her husband was guilty of two matrimonial offences but the petitioners came in their hundreds, bringing their stories of betrayal and strife, of brutish men and, especially, of wanton women.

The judges were presented with a singular case on Monday 14 June, a month after they had heard their first divorce suit. Henry Oliver Robinson, a civil engineer, was petitioning for the dissolution of his marriage on the grounds that his wife, Isabella, had committed adultery, and he submitted as evidence a diary in her hand. Over the five days of the trial, thousands of Isabella Robinsons secret words were read out to the court, and the newspapers printed almost every one. Her journal was detailed, sensual, alternately anguished and euphoric, more godless and abandoned than anything in contemporary English fiction. In spirit, it resembled Gustave Flauberts Madame Bovary, which had been published in France in 1857 after a notorious obscenity trial, but was considered too scandalous to be translated into English until the 1880s. The diary, like Flauberts novel, portrayed a new and disturbing figure: a middle-class wife who was restless, unhappy, avid for arousal. To the astonishment of those who read the extracts in the press, Mrs Robinson seemed to have invited, and lovingly documented, her own disgrace.

Why have I gone back to this secret friend of my wretchedest and wickedest hours? Because I am more friendless than ever; because I am more lonely than ever, though my husband is sitting writing in the next room to me. My misery is a womans misery, and it will speak here, rather than nowhere; to my second self, in this book, if I have no one else to hear me

From Wilkie Collinss Armadale (1866)

Edinburgh, 185052

In the evening of 15 November 1850, a mild Friday night, Isabella Robinson set out for a party near her house in Edinburgh. Her carriage bumped across the wide cobbled avenues of the Georgian New Town and drew up in a circle of grand sandstone houses lit by street lamps. She descended from the cab and mounted the steps to 8 Royal Circus, its huge door glowing with brass and topped with a bright rectangle of glass. This was the residence of Lady Drysdale, a rich and well-connected widow to whom Isabella and her husband had been commended when they moved to Edinburgh that autumn.

Elizabeth Drysdale was a renowned hostess, vivacious, generous and strong-willed, and her soires attracted inventive, progressive types: novelists such as Charles Dickens, who had attended one of the Drysdales parties in 1841; physicians such as the obstetrician and pioneer anaesthetist James Young Simpson; publishers such as Robert Chambers, the founder of