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Table of Contents

ALSO BY JOHN LEWIS GADDIS

The Cold War: A New History

Surprise, Security, and the American Experience

The Landscape of History: How Historians Map the Past

We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History

The United States and the End of the Cold War:Implications, Reconsiderations, Provocations

The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War

Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisalof Postwar American National Security

Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History

The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 19411947

In memory of

Annelise Srensen Kennan

19102008

without whom it would not have been possible

PREFACE

I HAVE SOMETIMES WONDERED WHETHER YOU WOULD BE ABLE TO see your way to going through with it, George Kennan wrote me in 1995, fourteen years after I became his biographer, sixteen years before the book would appear. But, he added, I comfort myself with the reflection that I have, after all, deservedly or otherwise, become something closer to a national figure in recent years.... I do not expect to live to see the results of your efforts; and I am not sure that I ought to see them, even if I lived to do it. But write them, if you will, on the confident assumption that no account need be taken of my own reaction to them, either in this world or the next.

Kennan had, of course, already secured an international reputation as a diplomat, grand strategist, historian, memoirist, cultural critic, and antiwar activist when, in 1981 at the age of seventy-eight, he agreed to cooperate in the writing of this biography. We both assumed that it would appear a few years after his death. Neither of us foresaw how far into the future that would be: Kennan would not die until March 17, 2005, at the age of a hundred and one. Characteristically, he blamed himself for the delay.

He saw no signs that the biography was in progress, Kennan wrote in his diary after I paid him a visit in 1997, but I dont find this surprising. [Gaddis] would no doubt have preferred to write it when I am dead, as I should, in the natural order of things, long since have been. Perhaps I should do him the favor of dying immediately. His failure to do so did not diminish the guilt he felt. My unnatural longevity is now becoming a serious burden to others, he lamented in 2003. Poor John Gaddis has seen his undertaking being put off for years while he waits for me to make way for it.

I assured Kennan, on many occasions, that I didnt mind, that I had other things to keep me occupied, and that I would make the biography my chief priority, apart from teaching, after his death. Our strange relationship went on long enough, though, for my studentswho tend to see anyone over forty as having a foot in the graveto begin speculating somberly about which of us might go first.

From my perspective (assuming survival), the relationship could not have been better. Kennan granted me unrestricted access to himself, his papers, and his mostly handwritten diaries, which alone fill twelve of the 330 boxes of Kennan materials now open for research at Princeton Universitys Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. With Kennans encouragement, many of his friends and most of his family talked with me soon after I began this projectfortunately, as it happened, because he outlived almost all of them. I saw him for interviews, and later less formal visits, about once a year for a quarter of a century: he found it a relief, he once told me, that youre not always around and under foot.

Kennan also gave me, from the outset, the greatest gift an authorized biographer can receive, which was the complete freedom to say what I pleased. The only portion of this book he ever read is a single paragraph in the Epilogue, drawn from a talk I delivered when Princeton opened its centennial exhibition on his life in November 2003. Would it be all right, he asked me that morning, if he afterward saw a copy of what I was going to say? Of course, I replied, I would send it to him. He thanked me, but added that I shouldnt do so if I felt this to be in any way an attempt to influence the biography.

He and I originally thought of the book as more political than personal, but when we explained this to Georges wife, Annelise, she strongly objected. His writings, she reminded us, were full of gloom and doom: I must get to know him well enough to see that he was not always this way. That, in turn, allowed me to glimpse the stabilizing role she played in his life. It first became clear to me one evening in Princeton in 1983. The Kennans were just back from Norway, and when I asked how it had been, George started complaining about dissolute youth hanging around the docks. Annelise put an end to that: George, youre always worrying about docks! All docks everywhere had dissolute youth. That, along with tying up boats, was what they were for. And then, turning to me: He worries too much about the docks.

Annelise had her way with this book, and thats why I have dedicated it to her memory. Its by no means the first, though, about George Kennan. Ive learned from, and respect the work of, my predecessors, especially C. Ben Wright, Barton Gellman, Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, David Mayers, Walter Hixson, Anders Stephan-son, Wilson D. Miscamble C.S.C., John Lamberton Harper, Richard L. Russell, John Lukacs, Lee Congdon, Nicholas Thompson, and Frank Costigliola, who will now be editing the Kennan diaries. But Ive made no systematic effort to compare their conclusionsor even some of my own previous oneswith what this book contains. I want it to be a fresh look at Kennan himself, not at the scholarship he has inspired.

This is also, despite its length, a selective life. Ive given more attention to some episodes than to others, and Ive left out a lot. Ive done so partly because I think that character emerges more clearly from the choices biographers make than from the comprehensiveness they attempt; partly also out of compassion for my readers. Kennan once recommended to me, as a model, Leon Edels monumental biography of Henry James. He had in mind, though, Edels psychological insights, not the five volumes required to convey them.

Finally, a note on names. First ones are necessary when writing about family, as an older sister of Georges pointed out when I began an early interview with the question: What was Professor Kennan like as a baby? At the same time it seemed inappropriate to write, in later chapters, of Georges long telegram, or his X article. So I have used George within the context of family, and Kennan elsewhere. I have also, following the custom of Kennan and his generation, occasionally used the term Russians when discussing the inhabitants of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. I am fully aware that a substantial minority were not Russians, but I also know how cumbersome it would be to have to remind readers repeatedly of this fact. I ask their indulgence in being reminded here.

George Kennans willingness to entrust me with a biography he would never read was, from the beginning, an extraordinary expression of confidence. How much so came through all over again in 2002, on one of the last visits my wife Toni and I paid to the Kennans at their Princeton home. George showed me a stack of loose-leaf binders containing the only copy of his diary from 1970 until that moment. They go with you, he said, to my astonishment. But I guess you wouldnt be interested in this, he added, indicating a single smaller volume. What is it? Oh, just my dream diary. Take it too, Annelise insisted. I didnt argue. Never have I driven more carefully back to New Haven.

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