David I. Kertzer - The Pope at War: The Secret History of Pius XII, Mussolini, and Hitler
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Splendid . . . The Pope at War ends much of the debate about the pope and surely makes any lingering apologia for his stance implausible.Ian Kershaw, author of Hitler: A Biography
When Pope Pius XII died in 1958, his papers were sealed in the Vatican Secret Archives, leaving unanswered questions about what he knew and did during World War II. Those questions have only grown and festered, making Pius XII one of the most controversial popes in Church history, especially now as the Vatican prepares to canonize him.
In 2020, Pius XIIs archives were finally opened, and David I. Kertzerwidely recognized as one of the worlds leading Vatican scholarshas been mining this new material ever since, revealing how the pope came to set aside moral leadership in order to preserve his churchs power.
Based on thousands of never-before-seen documents not only from the Vatican, but from archives in Italy, Germany, France, Britain, and the United States, The Pope at War paints a new, dramatic portrait of what the pope did and did not do as war enveloped the continent and as the Nazis began their systematic mass murder of Europes Jews. The book clears away the myths and sheer falsehoods surrounding the popes actions from 1939 to 1945, showing why the pope repeatedly bent to the wills of Hitler and Mussolini.
Just as Kertzers Pulitzer Prizewinning The Pope and Mussolini became the definitive book on Pope Pius XI and the Fascist regime, The Pope at War is destined to become the most influential account of his successor, Pius XII, and his relations with Mussolini and Hitler. Kertzer shows why no full understanding of the course of World War II is complete without knowledge of the dramatic, behind-the-scenes role played by the pope. This remarkably researched book is replete with revelations that deserve the adjective explosive, says Kevin Madigan, Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Harvard University. The Pope at War is a masterpiece.
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Copyright 2022 by David I. Kertzer
All rights reserved.
Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint and division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York.
R andom H ouse and the H ouse colophon are registered trademarks of Penguin Random House LLC.
library of congress cataloging-in-publication data
Names: Kertzer, David I., author.
Title: The pope at war : the secret history of Pius XII, Mussolini, and Hitler / David I. Kertzer.
Other titles: Secret history of Pius XII, Mussolini, and Hitler
Description: First edition. | New York : Random House, [2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022000861 (print) | LCCN 2022000862 (ebook) | ISBN 9780812989946 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780812989953 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: World War, 19391945Diplomatic history. | Pius XII, Pope, 18761958. | Catholic ChurchForeign relations. | Catholic ChurchRelationsJudaism. | JudaismRelationsCatholic Church. | Pius XII, Pope, 18761958Relations with Jews. | Holocaust, Jewish (19391945) | World War, 19391945Vatican City. | World War, 19391945Religious aspectsCatholic Church. | National socialism and religion.
Classification: LCC D749 .K47 2022 (print) | LCC D749 (ebook) | DDC 940.53/2545634dc23/eng/20220127
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022000861
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022000862
Ebook ISBN9780812989953
randomhousebooks.com
Maps by Laura Maestro
Title-page images: (top) Pius XII giving benediction to crowd following his coronation, Saint Peters Square, March 1939. Popperfoto/via Getty Images; (bottom) Hitler and Mussolini, Rome, May 1938. Fototeca Gilardi.
Book desisgn by Barbara M. Bachman, adapted for ebook
Cover design: Christopher Brand
Cover photograph: Umberto Cicconi/Getty Images
ep_prh_6.0_140138820_c0_r0
. Galeazzo Ciano and Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli in prayer at the body of Pope Pius XI in the Sistine Chapel, February 10, 1939
. Cardinal Pacelli presides over the Camera Apostolica, February 1939
. Il Regime Fascista, March 3, 1939
. Cardinal Luigi Maglione
. Pius XII coronation, March 12, 1939
. King Victor Emmanuel III and Queen Elena at the ceremony for the acceptance of the title of King of Albania, Quirinal Palace, Rome, April 16, 1939
. Pius XII in his sedia gestatoria, May 1, 1939
. Following the signing of the Pact of Steel, Berlin, May 22, 1939: Bernardo Attolico, Hermann Gring, Adolf Hitler, Galeazzo Ciano, Joachim von Ribbentrop
. Guido Buffarini with Heinrich Himmler, Palazzo Venezia, Rome, May 4, 1938
. Prince Philipp von Hessen and Princess Mafalda, June 8, 1933, Hesse-Nassau, Germany
. Monsignor Domenico Tardini, Cardinal Luigi Maglione, Monsignor Giovanni Montini, and (seated) Kazimierz Pape, Polish ambassador to the Holy See, March 16, 1939
. Official portrait of Pius XII at his desk, ca. 1940
. Dino Alfieri with Rudolf Hess and Joseph Goebbels, Germany, July 19, 1939
. Mussolini at his desk, Palazzo Venezia, February 1, 1940
. Nuncio Cesare Orsenigo with Adolf Hitler at Reich Chancellery, Berlin, 1936
. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini at train station, Brenner Pass, March 18, 1940 (Galeazzo Ciano looking on with chin thrust out)
. Ambassador Bernardo Attolico and Eleonora Pietromarchi Attolico with Adolf Hitler, Berlin, December 10, 1937
. LAvvenire dItalia, June 11, 1940
. Cardinal Eugne Tisserant
. Romes Catholic newspaper, LAvvenire, July 21, 1940: A Great Speech by Hitler
. Monsignor Francis Spellman, archbishop of New York
. Mussolini and Hitler in Florence, October 28, 1940
. Clara Petacci
. Pius XII poses for sculptor, 1941
. Raffaele Guariglia and wife, Francesca Maria Palli, with Cardinal Maglione, following presentation of his credentials as new ambassador to the Holy See, February 24, 1942
. Roberto Farinacci
. Princess Maria Jos and Prince Umberto, heir to the Italian throne, 1939
. Myron Taylor returning from European trip, New York, October 1942
. Francis DArcy Osborne, Britains envoy to the Vatican, during visit to London, April 14, 1943
. General Pietro Badoglio, 1940
. Pius XII at scene of Allied bombardment of Rome, August 13, 1943
. Princess Mafalda
. General Graziani with Hitler and Mussolini, E. Prussia, July 20, 1944
. Edda Mussolini with her children, 1938
. Execution of Galeazzo Ciano, Verona, January 11, 1944
. Abbey of Montecassino after the Allied bombing, 1944
. Myron Taylor and Cardinal Maglione with visiting Henry Lewis Stimson, U.S. secretary of war, Vatican City, July 6, 1944
. Adolf Hitler, Berlin, March 20, 1945
. Benito Mussolini, 1945
. Pope Pius XII
PIUS XII (EUGENIO PACELLI) (18761958): Son and grandson of lay luminaries of the Vatican, the frail but highly intelligent Pacelli never served as a parish priest or diocesan bishop but, following ordination, immediately joined the Vatican Secretariat of State. In Germany as nuncio from 1917 to 1929, he acquired a deep knowledge of that country before being appointed cardinal secretary of state by Pius XI in 1930. Ever cautious, and never comfortable with multiparty governments, on becoming pope in 1939 he attempted to repair frayed Vatican relations with Mussolini and Hitler.
BORGONGINI DUCA, FRANCESCO (18841954): A priest who had lived his entire life in Rome, Borgongini was appointed the Vaticans first nuncio to Italy following the signing of the Lateran Accords in 1929. He would remain at that post throughout the war and beyond. Although ignorant of the larger world and devoid of intellectual curiosity, Borgongini was one of Pius XIIs key emissaries to the Fascist regime, which he constantly lobbied on behalf of the pope. Along with Father Tacchi Venturi, he repeatedly urged the Fascist authorities to spare baptized Jews from the draconian racial laws.
MAGLIONE, LUIGI (18771944): Through his intelligence and drive, Maglione, a Neapolitan from a poor family, made his way up through Romes elite church training ground for the Vatican diplomatic service, serving as nuncio in Switzerland and then, from the mid-1920s to the mid-1930s, nuncio to France. Made a cardinal in 1935, he was one of the main contenders at the conclave that elected Pacelli pope. Although Pius XII named Maglione as his secretary of state, the two men never developed a warm relationship. Approachable, but careful about what he said, he was popular among the foreign ambassadors to the Vatican who met with him every Friday. Pius XIIs discomfort with having anyone in the role of secretary of state became clear when, following Magliones death, he decided not to name a successor.
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