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Nikolai Litvin - 800 Days on the Eastern Front: A Russian Soldier Remembers World War II

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Nikolai Litvin 800 Days on the Eastern Front: A Russian Soldier Remembers World War II
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800 Days on the Eastern Front: A Russian Soldier Remembers World War II: summary, description and annotation

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During his 800 days of war, Nikolai Litvin fought at the front lines in the ferocious tank battles at Kursk, was wounded three times, and witnessed unspeakable brutalities against prisoners and civilians. But he survived to pen this brief but powerful memoir of his wartime experiences.
Barely out of his teens, Litvin served for three years in the Red Army on the killing fields of the Eastern Front. His memoir presents an unadorned, candid narrative of the common soldiers lot in Stalins army. Unlike the memoirs of Russian officersusually preoccupied with large military operations and political concernsthis narrative offers a true ground-level view of World War IIs deadliest theater. It puts a begrimed human face on the enormous toll of casualties and provides a rare perspective on battles that were instrumental in the defeat of the German army.
Litvins varied roles, ranging from antitank gunner at Kursk to heavy machine gunner in a penal battalion to staff driver for the 352nd Rifle Division, offer unique perspectives on the Red Army in World War II as it fought from the Ukraine deep into the German heartland. Litvin documents such significant battles as Operation Kutuzov, Operation Bagration, and the German counterattack on the Narev, while also providing unique personal observations on fording the Dnepr River under enemy fire, the rape of German women by Russian troops, and literally seeing his life pass before his eyes as he watched a Stukas bomb fall directly on his position. And, because part of his duties involved chauffeuring Red Army generals, he also presents revealing glimpses into their personalities and behaviors.
Originally written in 1962, with events still fresh in his mind, Litvins memoir lay unpublished and unseen until translator Stuart Britton and a Russian colleague approached him about publishing it in English. Britton interviewed Litvin to flesh out the details of his original recollection and annotated the resulting work to provide historical context for the campaigns and battles in which he participated. Remarkably free of Soviet-era propaganda, this gem of a memoir provides a view of the war never seen by western readers, including photographs from Litvins personal collection.
An invaluable historical document, as well as a remarkable testament of survival, Litvins memoir offers unique and penetrating insights into the Soviet wartime experience unavailable in any other source.

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800 Days on the Eastern Front
Modern War Studies
Theodore A. Wilson
General Editor
Raymond Callahan
Jacob W. Kipp
Allan R. Millett
Carol Reardon
Dennis Showalter
David R. Stone
James H. Willbanks
Series Editors
800 Days on the Eastern Front
A Russian Soldier Remembers World War II
Nikolai Litvin
Translated and Edited by Stuart Britton
800 Days on the Eastern Front A Russian Soldier Remembers World War II - image 1
University Press of Kansas
2007 by the University Press of Kansas
All rights reserved
Published by the University Press of Kansas (Lawrence, Kansas 66049), which was organized by the Kansas Board of Regents and is operated and funded by Emporia State University, Fort Hays State University, Kansas State University, Pittsburg State University, the University of Kansas, and Wichita State University
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Litvin, Nikolai.
800 days on the Eastern Front : a Russian soldier remembers World War
II / Nikolai Litvin ; translated and edited by Stuart Britton.
p. cm. (Modern war studies)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7006-2443-0 (pkb. : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-7006-2458-4 (ebook)
1. World War, 19391945CampaignsEastern Front. 2. World War, 19391945Personal narratives, Soviet. 3. World War, 19391945VeteransSoviet UnionBiography. 4. Litvin, Nikolai. I. Britton, Stuart. II. Title. III. Title: Eight hundred days on the Eastern Front.
D764.L533 2007
940.541247092dc22
[B]2007003765
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data is available.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The paper used in this publication is recycled and contains 30 percent postconsumer waste. It is acid free and meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48-1992.
To the Soldier of Victory
Contents
Illustrations
Maps
Photographs
(following page 72)
Editors Note
In 2004, I began a small project to gather oral histories from Russian veterans of what they call the Great Patriotic Warthe Eastern Front of World War II. I had seen an increasing number of memoirs from American veterans of World War II, and also from German veterans of that war. I was aware that this generation, who had lived through this titanic global struggle, was slipping away, and the days when we can listen to their voices are numbered. But I was also aware that the Russian voice was largely missing from the new stream of memoirs. I was determined in some small way to gather the experiences and stories of the average Russian soldier, so that they may become better known in the West.
The commanding officers have had their time to speak and publish. Like most students of the war, I grew up on the personal stories and reminiscences of the great captains of the war: men like Bradley, Guderian, von Manstein, and Zhukov. And while, to varying degrees, these commanders expressed understanding of or sympathy for the hardships of the frontline soldier, they primarily operated on a level totally remote to the man huddled and shivering in the trenches. Their principal concerns were not with where they would get their next meal, or with the lice infesting their uniforms. Rather, they were with feeding and equipping masses of soldiers, and with moving them efficiently from point A to point B, and with how best to engage the enemy. They had political concerns and rivalries with other commanders and participated in planning sessions at the highest levels. Later, I had the opportunity to read the memoirs of divisional commanders and battalion commanders. These men were closer to the front lines and had more frequent interaction with the privates and sergeants who served in the front lines.
I understood that the surviving voices today had been young men and women in 1941, and that their experience of the war was that of the average soldier: the private, the gun team commander, the medic, or the tank driver. Gradually, we are learning more about the perspective and experiences of the frontline soldier, especially the American, British, and German soldier. But the primary struggle in the European theater of operations was not between the Western Allies and Germany. It was between Germany and the Soviet Union. Some of the recent memoirs are from German soldiers who served in this colossal struggle against the Soviet Union. Up until this point, however, we have heard relatively little from the average Russian soldier. In some small way, I hope with this project to redress this imbalance.
To begin the interview project, I contacted Svetlana Nizhevskaia of Krasnodar, Russia. She quickly agreed to locate Russian veterans who might be willing to speak to me about their wartime experiences. Once Svetlana obtained the agreement of a veteran to participate, I would send her lists of questions, and she would use these to conduct the interview. She taped each interview and then transcribed the tapes into Russian texts that she would e-mail back to me. It was a cumbersome, laborious process, but we quickly began to obtain some interesting material.
The second veteran Svetlana interviewed was Nikolai Litvin. During the course of their first interview, Litvin casually mentioned that he had written a memoir back in 1962, during the brief thaw in Soviet arts and literature initiated by Khrushchev. Before Litvin could finish the memoir and find a publisher, however, Khrushchev was deposed, and the Brezhnev leadership reasserted tight controls over Soviet publishing. Thus, Litvins memoir had lain unpublished in his desk for more than forty years. He asked Svetlana if I would be interested in editing his memoir for publication in the West.
Naturally, I jumped at the opportunity. One of the problems with interviewing these elderly veterans about their wartime experiences is simply that they have forgotten many details of the war, and their memory plays tricks with other facts. This problem is compounded in the Soviet experience by the fact that soldiers in the Red Army were not allowed to keep diaries, and letters home were tightly censored. Often they could say little more than I am fine. If I die, please consider me a Communist. So the Russian veterans had no contemporary personal, written record to which they could refer.
Because Litvin penned his memoir in 1962, his memory was much fresher at the time of writing than it could be today, and he could recall many more names and details. Moreover, since the war, Litvin has been active in veterans circles, and to the extent that he could, he researched and studied the battles and campaigns in which he was involved.
Svetlana Nizhevskaia sent me the memoir, and I began translating it into English. I often had questions about incidents in the memoir, and I frequently e-mailed additional questions for Litvin to Svetlana. She would then interview Litvin again and e-mail me his responses. Nikolai demonstrated enormous patience with my many questions, never failing to give me an honest, clear answereven on very delicate topics. At times, he sent me material from his personal library.
The original memoir was written in a simple, straightforward stylelittle more than a chronological narrative of events. It was remarkably free of Soviet-era propaganda, which colored and distorted many officers memoirs published during the Soviet years. But it also lacked much detail. During the war, Litvin naturally knew little about the larger picture, the battle and campaign plans. From day to day, he rarely knew where he was going, and rarely understood why. In addition, Litvin is a modest man, and like many Russian veterans, he was reluctant to speak in personal terms. Once I wrote to him, Nikolai, you always use the term We. It makes it difficult for me to identify the actorwas it your immediate circle of comrades, your battery, your battalion, your division, or your army? Please, I want to see the word I more often in your memoir. He replied in characteristically modest style, Stuart, I cannot use the word I. I accomplished nothing in the war by myself, and what I did mattered little. It was only the effort of millions of my comrades that accomplished anything and brought us victory.
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