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Eric Lindner - Tiger in the Sea: The Ditching of Flying Tiger 923 and the Desperate Struggle for Survival

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    Tiger in the Sea: The Ditching of Flying Tiger 923 and the Desperate Struggle for Survival
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September 1962: On a moonless night over the raging Atlantic Ocean, a thousand miles from land, the engines of Flying Tiger flight 923 to Germany burst into flames, one by one.

Pilot John Murray didnt have long before the plane crashed headlong into the 20-foot waves at 120 mph.

As the four flight attendants donned life vests, collected sharp objects, and explained how to brace for the ferocious impact, 68 passengers clung to their seats: elementary schoolchildren from Hawaii, a teenage newlywed from Germany, a disabled Normandy vet from Cape Cod, an

immigrant from Mexico, and 30 recent graduates of the 82nd Airbornes Jump School. They all expected to die.

Murray radioed out Mayday as he attempted to fly down through gale-force winds into the rough water, hoping the plane didnt break apart when it hit the sea.

Only a handful of ships could pick up the distress call so far from land. The closest was a Swiss freighter 13 hours away. Dozens of other ships and planes from nine countries abruptly changed course or scrambled from Canada, Iceland, Ireland, Scotland, and Cornwall, all racing to the rescuebut they would take hours, or days, to arrive.

From the cockpit, the blackness of the Atlantic grew ever closer. Could Murray do what no pilot had ever doneland a commercial airliner at night in a violent sea without everyone dying? And if he did, would rescuers find any survivors before they drowned or died from hypothermia in the icy water?

The fate of Flying Tiger 923 riveted the world. Bulletins interrupted radio and TV programs. Headlines shouted off newspapers from London to LA. Frantic family members overwhelmed telephone switchboards. President Kennedy took a break from the brewing crises in Cuba and Mississippi to ask for hourly updates.

Tiger in the Sea is a gripping tale of triumph, tragedy, unparalleled airmanship, and incredibly brave people from all walks of life. The author has pieced together the storylong hidden because of murky Cold War politicsthrough exhaustive research and reconstructed a true and inspiring tribute to the virtues of outside-the-box-thinking, teamwork, and hope.

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CONTENTS
Guide

P ART I M ISSING P LANES John D Murray memoir unfinished undated No - photo 1

P ART I. M ISSING P LANES
  1. . John D. Murray memoir (unfinished, undated). No page is cited here or elsewhere because few of the 167 typed sheets or handwritten notes are numbered or otherwise sequenced. The papers didnt have a title or table of contents.
C HAPTER 1. T ROUBLE ABOVE THE N ORTH A TLANTIC
  1. . Aircraft Accident Report: The Flying Tiger Line, Inc., Lockheed 1049H, N 6923C, Ditching in the North Atlantic (Washington: U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board, 1963), 16. All official times are Greenwich Mean; so, for example, when Tiger 923 left Gander, it was 1:09 p.m. in New York.
  2. . In the Matter of: An Aircraft Accident Involving the Flying Tiger Line, Inc., Lockheed 1049H, N 6923C, Which Ditched in the Atlantic Ocean Approximately 500 Miles due West of Shannon, Ireland, September 23, 1962 (Washington: U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board, CSA Reporting Corporation, 1962), 59.
  3. . Larry LeFever interview, April 13, 2019. LeFever first soloed in 1957 at age 16 and received his license at 17. Flying Tiger Line, Inc. hired him in July 1962 as a Super Constellation copilot. He checked out as captain in 1966. He later flew DC-8s, DC-10s and 747s before retiring (from FedEx) in 2001, at 60.
  4. . SAR [Search and Rescue] on Flying Tiger N 6923C (Washington: U.S. Coast Guard, 1963), 229.
  5. . Interview with George Gewehr, Flying Tiger Pilots Association historian, March 2, 2016. Also see LeVerne J. Moldrem, Tiger Tales: An Anecdotal History of the Flying Tiger Line (Chelsea, MI: Sheridan Books, 1996), 82; Art Chin, Anything Anytime, Anywhere: The Legacy of the Flying Tiger Line 194589 (Seattle: Tassels & Wings, 1993), 2649; Guy Van Herbruggen, Flying Tiger Memories (Surrey, UK: Astral Horizon Aviation Press, 2019).
  6. . In the Matter of, 8687. Its impossible unequivocally to reconstruct the feathering, fire suppression, and engine shutdown sequence. Only two of the four eyewitnesses survived, and none is alive today. Captain LeFever has attempted to fill in some of the gaps, but its only best guesses.
  7. . Murray memoir.
  8. . Aircraft Accident Report, Supplemental Data, iii.
  9. .
  10. .
  11. . Sea Search Abandoned, Eugene Register-Guard , March 23, 1962.
  12. . Plane, 107 Sought, Evening Independent (St. Petersburg, FL), March 16, 1962; 2 State Soldiers on Lost Airliner, Milwaukee Sentinel , March 17, 1962.
  13. . See, e.g., Ernst Frei, Urs Mattle, and Katsuhiko Tokunaga, Super Constellation Backstage (Zurich: AS Verla, 2014), 9.
  14. .
  15. . The L-1049H wasnt equipped with a voice data recorder in the cockpit, nor the latest, fully automatic deicers, on the exterior. But Murray was no Luddite. All innovations werent helpful, at least not in their early incarnations. For instance, former CAB and NTSB aircraft accident investigator Dick Rodriguez said his work was often more difficult when a plane had a black box, because, as it ran nonstop, it was filled with coughing, etc. Rodriguez interviews, September 25 and October 2, 2017. Also, analogous to how it can be dangerous in 2020 to set a car on cruise control, in 1962 it could be dangerous to assume a deicer was doing its job properly. Seasoned pilots relied more on stick-and-rudder flying than technology.
  16. . Detroit News , September 24, 1962.
  17. . Sammy Vasquez, interview by Peter W. Frey, October 30, 2011.
  18. . The 923 in Tiger 923 came from the tail number: N6C. That the ditching occurred on September 23 was pure coincidence.
  19. . Robert Calvin Eldred, Bobs Story (unpublished, Louise Westwood Eldred, ed., 1987), 45.
  20. . An Exclusive Interview, Cape Codder , November 1, 1962, 1.
  21. . An Exclusive Interview, 1.
  22. . Richard Elanders 79-minute audio memoir, recorded October 31, 1962, tape #1 (of 9 cassettes).
  23. . He wasnt wearing his Dewey for President necktie because Al Silver wasnt his navigator. I was your typical Jewish liberal from Brooklyn. John was an Irish Catholic from Chicago. Though we seldom agreed on anything he was always polite when arguing, treating me as his equal, even when he was my superior by many years and several ranks. He was one of the nicest men Id ever met. Silver interview, April 13, 2017.
  24. Murray dressed neatly and professionally, but no one ever called him dapper. Once, when piloting a flight that was approaching departure time, he couldnt be found. A search-and-rescue effort ensued. His legs were spotted in the Newark parking lot, jutting out from under his Ford. He was trying to reattach his muffler with a coat hanger. When Murray shimmied out, his uniform was splotched with gunk and grime. Though his copilot suggested he take a few minutes to clean up, Murray couldnt finish his repairs, depart on time, and tidy up, so he slid back under the chassis and finished his work.
  25. When he stepped aboard, looking like hed been working at a muffler shop all day, his passengers did double takes, wondering if the state of the pilots clothes was any indication of the state of the equipment or his preparedness. But the flight proceeded on time, without a hitch.
  26. Shortly after the incident, at one of the pilots union meetings Murray rarely attended because he felt they were often just excuses to bitch, moan, and gossipin absentia, he was nominated and unanimously elected as chairman of the unions newly created Uniform Committee. LeFever interview, June 2, 2016.
  27. . John P. Murray interview, July 27, 2015.
  28. . Murray memoir. It was a miracle he survived. With his teacher sprawled on the ground, unconscious and bleeding profusely, the quick-thinking student slogged his way through thick snow to the closest road and flagged down a passing motorist, who drove Murray to the hospital.
  29. . Detroit News , September 24, 1962, 2-A; Ricky-Dale Calhoun, Arming David: The Haganahs Illegal Arms Procurement Network in the United States 19451949, Journal of Palestinian Studies , Vol. XXXVI, No. 4 (Summer 2007), 22; Murray memoir.
  30. . Murray memoir.
  31. . Composite of interviews with Cynthia Bowles, May 8, 2017, and John P. Murray, July 27, 2015; also see Moldrem, 207.
  32. . John P. Murray, letter to his daughter, Maureen, March 20, 2008.
  33. . John P. Murray interview, September 11, 2020.
  34. . Murray memoir.
  35. .
  36. . Art Gilbreth interview, June 11, 2017.
  37. . Carol Hansen (ne Gould) interviews: February 26 and March 14, 2016; interview by Peter W. Frey, November 1, 2011.
  38. . Hansen interview, November 21, 2016.
  39. . Fred Caruso interview, May 21, 2019.
  40. . Similar to Tom Hanks hatred as a FedEx manager, in Cast Away . So its no wonder FedEx acquired Flying Tiger Line, Inc., in 1989.
  41. . Wayne G. Johnson, ed., Chennaults Flying Tigers (Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing, 1996), 199.
  42. . Chennault called his squadron the All-Volunteer Group (aka AVG), but Madame Chiang Kai-shek referred to the AVG pilots as my boys, my tigers. Gewehr interview, May 4, 2017.
  43. . The Super Constellations landing gear was painted flat black so as not to reflect moonlight. Marshall Meyers, Esq., interview, April 19, 2020.
  44. . Gewehr interview, August 23, 2018.
  45. . Gewehr interview, July 3, 2019.
  46. . LeFever interview, September 19, 2019.
  47. . Murray memoir. Also, as regards what only 30 Army paratroopers were capable of, in WWI, six, led by Sgt. Alvin York killed or captured 132 German soldiers and disabled 12 machine-gun nests. The most recent source is Douglas V. Mastriano, Alvin York: A New Biography of the Hero of the Argonne (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2014).
  48. . Murray memoir.
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