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Jacques Dalarun - A Female Apostle in Medieval Italy: The Life of Clare of Rimini

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This book centers on a fascinating woman, Clare of Rimini (c. 1260 to c. 132429), whose story is preserved in a fascinating text. Composed by an anonymous Franciscan, the Life of the Blessed Clare of Rimini is the earliest known saints life originally written in Italian, and one of the few such lives to be written while its subject was still living. It tells the story of a controversial woman, set against the background of her roiling city, her star-crossed family, and the tumultuous political and religious landscape of her age.
Twice married, twice widowed, and twice exiled, Clare established herself as a penitent living in a roofless cell in the ruins of the Roman walls of Rimini. She sought a life of solitary self-denial, but was denounced as a demonic danger by local churchmen. Yet she also gained important and influential supporters, allowing her to establish a fledgling community of like-minded sisters. She traveled to Assisi, Urbino, and Venice, spoke out as a teacher and preacher, but also suffered a revolt by her spiritual daughters.
A Female Apostle in Medieval Italy presents the text of the Life in English translation for the first time, bringing modern readers into Clares world in all its excitement and complexity. Each chapter opens a different window into medieval society, exploring topics from political power to marriage and sexuality, gender roles to religious change, pilgrimage to urban structures, sanctity to heresy. Through the expert guidance of scholars and translators Jacques Dalarun, Sean L. Field, and Valerio Cappozzo, Clares life and context become a springboard for readers to discover what life was like in a medieval Italian city.

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THE MIDDLE AGES SERIES Ruth Mazo Karras Series Editor Edward Peters Founding - photo 1

THE MIDDLE AGES SERIES

Ruth Mazo Karras, Series Editor

Edward Peters, Founding Editor

A complete list of books in the series is available from the publisher.

A FEMALE APOSTLE IN MEDIEVAL ITALY

The Life of Clare of Rimini

Jacques Dalarun, Sean L. Field, and Valerio Cappozzo

PENN

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS

PHILADELPHIA

Copyright 2023 University of Pennsylvania Press

All rights reserved.

Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher.

Published by

University of Pennsylvania Press

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112

www.upenn.edu/pennpress

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

10987654321

Hardcover ISBN: 978-1-5128-2303-5

Paperback ISBN: 978-1-5128-2304-2

eBook ISBN: 978-1-5128-2305-9

A Cataloging-in-Publication record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

CONTENTS
TIMELINE

1253:

Death of Clare of Assisi

1254:

Inquisition in the Romagna is entrusted to the Franciscans

1255:

Canonization of Clare of Assisi

1257:

Santa Maria in Trivio becomes the church of the Franciscans of Rimini, taking the name San Francesco

1259:

Inquisition in the Romagna is divided between two Franciscan inquisitors, one in Faenza and one in Rimini

c. 1260:

Birth of Clare of Rimini, daughter of Chiarello of Piero of Zacheo and his wife, Gaudiana

12821288:

Malatesta of Verucchio is podest of Rimini

c. 1282:

Execution of Clares father and brother

1288:

Malatesta of Verucchio is driven out of Rimini by the Ghibelline party

12881306:

The Clarissan nuns of Begno take refuge in Rimini

1290:

Malatesta of Verucchio reclaims power in Rimini

12941303:

Pontificate of Boniface VIII

1295:

Malatesta of Verucchio solidifies his power in Rimini

c. 1295:

Clares surviving brother is exiled to Urbino; Clare joins him there

12991300:

Creation of a lay tribunal to assist the inquisitor in Rimini

1300:

Creation of a compilation for inquisitors using documents related to Rimini

1300:

Gherardo Segarelli is burned at Parma

13031305:

Dantes On Vernacular Eloquence

1305:

Death of Santuccia Carabotti of Gubbio

13051314:

Pontificate of Clement V

13061308:

Legation of Cardinal Napoleone Orsini in northern Italy

c. 1306:

Napoleone Orsini, passing through Rimini, meets Clare and gives her permission to have a cleric recite the office

1307:

Fra Dolcino and his companion Margherita are burned at Vercelli

c. 1307:

Dante begins The Divine Comedy

1308:

Earthquake at Rimini

13081319:

Frescoes at SantAgostino of Rimini are painted

1309:

Clement V settles the papacy at Avignon

1312:

Death of Malatesta of Verucchio

13121317:

Malatestino dellOcchio governs Rimini

1314:

Dino of the Rossi family, Clares relative, is podest of Padua

13161334:

Pontificate of John XXII

1317:

John XXII condemns the Fraticelli

13171326:

Ferrantino and Pandolfo Malatesta govern Rimini

1318:

General chapter of the Order of the Augustinian Hermits meets at Rimini

13201321:

Dante completes The Divine Comedy

1321:

Death of Dante in Ravenna

1322:

Mention of the church of Sister Clare in a manuscript copied at Rimini for Ferrantino Malatesta

1323:

John XXII condemns the idea of the absolute poverty of Christ and the apostles

13231324:

Bernard Gui finishes his Practice of the Inquisition

13231328:

Girolamo Fisici is bishop of Rimini

13241329:

The Life of the Blessed Clare of Rimini is written. Death of Clare of Rimini.

1329:

First known testament that includes a bequest to the sisters of Sister Clare of Rimini

c. 1330:

Zanchino Ugolini writes his Treatise on the Material of Heretics

c. 1330:

First triptych created in honor of Clare of Rimini

1334:

Zanchino Ugolini participates in the revision of the communal statutes of Rimini

13351350:

Second triptych created in honor of Clare of Rimini

14501500:

Unique manuscript of The Life of the Blessed Clare of Rimini is copied

1522:

Santa Maria degli Angeli becomes a house of the Order of St. Clare

1751:

Cure of Sister Maria Vittoria at Santa Maria degli Angeli

1755:

Publication in Rome of Giuseppe Garampis Memorie ecclesiastiche appartenenti allistoria e al culto della B. Chiara di Rimini

17821784:

Beatification process for Clare of Rimini

1785:

Clare of Rimini proclaimed beatified by Pope Pius VI

1810:

Santa Maria degli Angeli is destroyed

c. 1943:

Clare of Riminis remains are moved to the church of Corpol

INTRODUCTION

The book you are about to read centers on a fascinating woman whose story is preserved in a fascinating text. The woman, Clare, was born in the Italian city of Rimini around 1260 and died there between 1324 and 1329. The Italian text, La vita della beata Chiara da Rimino la quale fo exemplo a tucte le donne vane, or The Life of the Blessed Clare of Rimini Who Was an Example for All Vain Ladies, was probably composed by a friar from the Franciscan house in Rimini, working closely with a group of Clares spiritual daughters.

What is so remarkable about Clare and her Life? Just about everything. The Life of the Blessed Clare of Rimini is probably the earliest work of hagiography (saints life) written directly in Italian, in an era when most such lives were still composed in Latin, the sacred language of the church. The first decades of the fourteenth century were exactly the period in which Italian emerged as a literary language. The most famous figure in this emergence, the Florentine Dante Alighieri (12651321), was a nearly exact contemporary of Clares. When Dante died in Ravenna, only fifty-five kilometers (thirty-five miles) up the Adriatic coast from Rimini, he had just finished

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