FRANK AIKEN
In memory of
John William Evans
Pamp
(1925-2013)
&
Eamonn Kelly
A loving brother, father and son
(1964-2013)
FRANK AIKEN
NATIONALIST AND
INTERNATIONALIST
Editors
Bryce Evans
and
Stephen Kelly
First published in 2014 by Irish Academic Press
8 Chapel Lane
Sallins
Co. Kildare, Ireland
www.iap.ie
This edition 2014 Irish Academic Press
Chapters 2014 Individual Contributors
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
An entry can be found on request
ISBN: 978-07165-3239-2 (paper)
ISBN: 978-07165-3238-5 (cloth)
ISBN: 978-07165-3241-5 (pdf)
ISBN: 978-07165-3256-9 (epub)
ISBN: 978-07165-3257-6 (mobi)
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
An entry can be found on request
Printed by
SPRINT-print Ltd
All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved alone, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the following institutions and individuals:
The Liverpool Hope University Research Funding Committee, in particular the Reverend Professor Kenneth Newport, for financing the Frank Aiken symposium (March 2013), the books images, and the proofreading and indexing expenses.
Dr Michael Kennedy and Professor Rory Miller, whose original idea this was. In particular, thank you to Michael Kennedy for his support, advice and guidance every step of the way. Thanks also to Frank Aiken Jnr, for his encouragement, invaluable insights and friendship, all those who participated in the Frank Aiken symposium and contributed to this volume either through authorship, interview or informal advice, in particular the Aiken family and Dr Rory OHanlon, and to Dr Aoife Breatnach, for the use of her doctoral dissertation on the subject of Aikens period as Minister for External Affairs.
Thanks also to Professors Nick Rees, Michael Mulqueen and Dr Michael Holmes, Gemma Peers and Sue Harwood, who supported the Aiken symposium and to Eileen ONeill, for her indexing skills. A special word of thanks to Lisa Hyde of Irish Academic Press for having faith in the project.
Staff at University College Dublin Archives, particularly Mr Samus Helferty; The National Library of Ireland; The National Archives of Ireland; the National Archives of the United Kingdom; the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland; the Irish Military Archives; the Bodleian Library; The University of Birmingham Archives; Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library; and the Irish Newspaper Archive.
For Marian Carey, Jenny Campbell and members of the Evans and Kelly families, for their love and forbearance.
And finally to our authors Dr Noel Dorr, Dr Brian Hanley, Lar Joye, Dr Conor Keelan, Dr Michael Kennedy, Dr Robert Lynch, Dr Eoin Magennis, Dr Kate OMalley, Professor Rory Miller and Dr Helen OShea and the archival institutions who assisted them in their research.
Glossary
AARIR | The American Association for the Recognition of the Irish Republic |
AOH | Ancient Order of Hibernians |
BO | Bodleian Library, Oxford |
CIA | Central Intelligence Agency |
COFLA | Cardinal Fiaich Memorial Library and Archive |
CJ | Northern Ireland Files |
DE | Dil ireann, official debates |
DFA | Department of Foreign Affairs |
DO | Dominions Office |
DT | Department of the Taoiseach |
ECHR | European Convention on Human Rights |
EEC | European Economic Community |
EOKA | National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters |
FCO | Foreign and Commonwealth Office |
FLN | Front de Libration Nationale (Algeria) |
GAA | Gaelic Athletic Association |
HA | Home Affairs |
HO | Home Office |
IRA | Irish Republican Army |
IRB | Irish Republican Brotherhood |
LDF | Local Defence Force (Irish) |
LSF | Auxiliary Local Security Force (Irish) |
NAI | National Archives of Ireland, Dublin |
NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organisation |
NAUK | National Archives of United Kingdom |
NLI | National Library of Ireland |
NLF | National Liberation Front of Southern Vietnam (Vietcong) |
NLS | National Library of Sweden |
OAS | Organization of American States |
ONUC | Organisation des Nations Unies au Congo |
RIC | Royal Irish Constabulary |
ROC | Republic of China |
RHL | Rhodes House Library, Oxford |
PRC | Peoples Republic of China |
PREM | Prime Ministers Office |
PRONI | Public Records Office of Northern Ireland |
SE | Seanad ireann, official debates |
SHAPE | Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe |
UBSC | University of Birmingham Special Collections |
UCDA | University College Dublin Archives |
UIL | United Irish League |
UO | University of Oxford |
UN | United Nations |
UNA | United Nations Archives |
UNRWA | United Nations Relief and Works Agency |
WO | War Office |
NB. Readers should note that, in general, this study has followed the below rules for capital letters and punctuations. The use of a capital U for Unionists or Unionism denotes organised unionism, i.e. the Ulster Unionist Party; the use of lower case, unionist opinion, etc., refers to those citizens of Northern Ireland who wished to maintain the Union between Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Likewise, a capital N for Nationalists refers to organised nationalism, i.e. the Nationalists Party in Northern Ireland; the use of lower case, nationalist opinion, etc., refers to the nationalist population of Northern Ireland who opposed the partition of Ireland. The use of upper case is used to refer to political/government positions associated with politicians and civil servants, i.e. the use of upper case is used when referring to Taoiseach and Prime Minister. The use of capitals is also employed to refer to government departments, i.e. the Department of the Taoiseach and the Commonwealth and Relations Office.