John C. G. Röhl - Wilhelm II: Into the Abyss of War and Exile, 1900-1941
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- Book:Wilhelm II: Into the Abyss of War and Exile, 1900-1941
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This final volume of John C. G. Rhls acclaimed biography of Kaiser Wilhelm II reveals the Kaisers central role in the origins of the First World War. The book examines Wilhelms part in the Boer War, the Russo-Japanese War, the naval arms race with Britain and Germanys rivalry with the United States, as well as in the crises over Morocco, Bosnia and Agadir. It also sheds new light on the public scandals which accompanied his reign, from the allegations of homosexuality made against his intimate friends to the Daily Telegraph affair. Above all, John Rhl scrutinises the mounting tension between Germany and Britain and the increasing pressure the Kaiser exerted on his Austro-Hungarian ally from 1912 onwards to resolve the Serbian problem. Following Germanys defeat and Wilhelms enforced abdication, he charts the Kaisers bitter experience of exile in Holland and his frustrated hopes that Hitler would restore him to the throne.
JOHN C. G. RHL is Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Sussex. His many previous publications include The Kaiser and his Court (1994), which was awarded the Wolfson History Prize, as well as the two previous volumes of his biography of Kaiser Wilhelm II Young Wilhelm: The Kaisers Early Life, 18591888 (1998) and Wilhelm II: The Kaisers Personal Monarchy, 18881900 (2004) which won the Einhard Prize for the biography of a major European figure in 2013.
For my grandchildren
BENJAMIN
SEBASTIAN
MAYA
LUKAS
JONATHAN
SOPHIA
EMILIANO
ANGELINA
Royal Collection Trust/ Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2012
Figure 3Bildarchiv Preuischer Kulturbesitz/Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin/Eugen Jacobi
Figures 4, 31, 60Jost Rebentisch, Die vielen Gesichter des Kaisers . Wilhelm II. in der deutschen und britischen Karikatur , Berlin 2000
Figures 5, 29Viktoria Luise, Duchess of Brunswick-Lneburg, Ein Leben als Tochter des Kaisers , Gttingen and Hanover 1965
Figures 6, 56Historisches Archiv Krupp, Essen
Figures 7, 10, 11, 28, 35, 38, 48Adolf von Achenbach et al., Unser Kaiser. Fnfundzwanzig Jahre der Regierung Kaiser Wilhelms II. , Stuttgart 1913
Figures 12, 43ullstein bild, Berlin
Figures 14, 54, 59, 67, 70, 71J. A. DeJonge, Wilhelm II , Amsterdam 1986
Figures 15, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 51, 53, 58, 69Viktoria Luise, Duchess of Brunswick-Lneburg, Bilder der Kaiserzeit , Gttingen 1970
Figures 16, 50Bildarchiv Preuischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin
Figures 22, 23Maurice Baumont, LAffaire Eulenburg , Geneva 1973
Figure 24Ian Stevenson Collection
Figure 30Bernhard Frst von Blow, Denkwrdigkeiten , 4 vols., Berlin 19301
Figure 32Imperial War Museum, London
Figure 44Bildarchiv Preuischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin/Heinrich Hoffmann
Figure 47Jeffrey Finestone
Figure 55Herr Warner Poelchau
Figure 57ullstein bild/Bildarchiv Preuischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin/Willy Rmer
Figure 60Reproduced with permission of Punch Ltd.
Figures 61, 62Brigitte von Klitzing
Figure 63Bildarchiv Preuischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin/Walther Haus
Figure 64Hans Wilderotter and Klaus-D. Pohl, eds., Der letzte Kaiser. Wilhelm II. im Exil , Gtersloh and Munich 1991 (photo: Nederlands Filmmuseum)
Figure 65Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin
He has been Emperor just over 30 years, he did great things for his country but his ambition was so great that he wished to dominate the world & created his military machine for that object... Now he has utterly ruined his country & himself & I look upon him as the greatest criminal known for having plunged the world into this ghastly war which has lasted over 4 years & 3 months with all its misery. and in the last years of the armed peace their anger and frustration at being thwarted diplomatically reached boiling point.
The archival evidence for the mounting determination of Wilhelm II, the army and navy leaders and finally the civilian statesmen, too, to deploy military force to achieve their ambitious ends is quite overwhelming, and it is perhaps a measure of the profound and enduring consensus brought about in Germany by the Fischer controversy of fifty years ago that these conclusions occasioned little comment there when the German edition of this volume was published in 2008. Instead, the books lively reception was dominated by a subordinate question, that of the Kaisers personal responsibility for the catastrophe. Had he, rather than the elites in general, as structuralist historians had claimed, really wielded such decisive power, particularly after the twin domestic disasters of his reign, the disgrace of his favourite, Prince Philipp zu Eulenburg, in the homosexuality scandals of 19069 and the Daily Telegraph crisis of 1908?
Needless to say, this volume pays due attention to the elites that governed the Prusso-German Kaiserreich. The testimony of the men in positions of power and of other insiders is liberally quoted and their responsibilities and shortcomings are analysed throughout. But what were the power relationships between them and the monarch? When there was dispute, as there always is in high politics, say between the army and the navy over resources, or between the navy and the Reich Chancellor and his advisers in the Wilhelmstrasse over negotiations with Britain, who had the final say? Who had appointed these army, navy and civilian leaders in the first place, and who had the right to dismiss them at will? The manner in which Wilhelm II operated the kingship mechanism in order to dominate decision-making after Bismarcks dismissal in 1890 is the central issue addressed in the second volume of this biography, By this time, Szgyny had been in charge of the embassy in Berlin for more than two decades. Would he have been mistaken on a question of such existential importance to his disintegrating multinational Empire at such a critical time?
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