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About the Author
Journalist and author Nigel Cawthorne graduated in physics from University College, London, England. In the 1970s he worked on Science and Mechanics magazines in New York where Nikola Tesla had worked decades before. He has worked on scientific titles such as The Universe Explained , Tomorrows Technology , The History of Aviation , The History of Technology and The History of Ordnance , and periodicals including Electronics Today , Space Frontiers , Quest and Nature . He has also written many biographies. He lives in Bloomsbury, London, England.
TESLA
THE LIFE AND TIMES OF AN ELECTRIC MESSIAH
Nigel Cawthorne
2014 Oxford Publishing Ventures Ltd
This 2014 edition published by Canary Press
An imprint of Oxford Publishing Ventures Ltd
Spring Hill House, Spring Hill Road
Begbroke, Oxford OX5 1RX, UK
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission, in writing, of the publisher.
The views expressed in this book are those of the author but they are general views only, and readers are urged to consult a relevant and qualified specialist for individual advice in particular situations. Nigel Cawthorne and Oxford Publishing Ventures Ltd hereby exclude any liability to the extent permitted by law, for any errors or omissions in this book and for any loss, damage and expense (whether direct or indirect) suffered by a third party relying on any information contained in this book.
Although every effort has been made to trace and contact people mentioned in the text for their approval in time for publication, this has not been possible in all cases. If notified, we will be pleased to rectify any alleged errors or omissions.
ISBN 978-1-908698-52-0
Introduction
If you mean the man who really invented, in other words, originated and discovered not merely improved what had already been invented by others, then without a shade of doubt, Nikola Tesla is the worlds greatest inventor, not only at present, but in all history.
Hugo Gernsback, Father of Modern Science Fiction, 1919
Nikola Tesla (1856 1943) is the towering genius who made the modern world. All the electrical devices around us owe something to him. Not only did he invent many of the gadgets we depend on today, he had a vision of the future, much of which has become reality long after his death. As long ago as 1900, Tesla wrote of a world system of wireless transmission:
The World-System has resulted from a combination of several original discoveries made by the inventor in the course of long continued research and experimentation. It makes possible not only the instantaneous and precise wireless transmission of any kind of signals, messages or characters, to all parts of the world, but also the inter-connection of the existing telegraph, telephone, and other signal stations without any change in their present equipment. By its means, for instance, a telephone subscriber here may call up and talk to any other subscriber on the globe.
This is surely the mobile phone network we have over a century later. And in his autobiography, My Inventions , published in 1919, he envisaged that in nine months, without undue expense, he could deliver:
The interconnection of existing telegraph exchanges or offices all over the world;
The establishment of a secret and non-interferable government telegraph service;
The interconnection of all present telephone exchanges or offices around the globe;
The universal distribution of general news by telegraph or telephone, in conjunction with the press;
The establishment of such a World System of intelligence transmission for exclusive private use;
The interconnection and operation of all stock tickers of the world;
The establishment of a world system of musical distribution, etc.;
The universal registration of time by cheap clocks indicating the hour with astronomical precision and requiring no attention whatever;
The world transmission of typed or handwritten characters, letters, checks, etc.;
The establishment of a universal marine service enabling the navigators of all ships to steer perfectly without compass, to determine the exact location, hour and speed; to prevent collisions and disasters, etc.;
The inauguration of a system of world printing on land and sea;
The world reproduction of photographic pictures and all kinds of drawings or records
Here we have the internet, GPS and Satnav. But Tesla was not just a visionary who delivered theory. He was a practical man who pioneered alternating current that made it possible to transmit electricity over long distances, allowing electrical appliances to be powered by remote power stations, rather than have a power station on every street corner as the earlier direct current system envisaged.
He is now acknowledged to have beaten Guglielmo Marconi to the invention of the radio. Indeed, he spoke of his world system of wireless transmission the year before Marconi transmitted the first radio signal across the Atlantic. His Tesla Coil, invented in 1891, is widely used in radio and television sets, and other electronic equipment. He developed electric motors, generators, X-rays, fluorescent tubes, remote control and radar. However, many of his inventions are unacknowledged because he was so busy developing new ideas to bother patenting them.