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Like John Dewey, his mentor and friend, Sidney Hook shares the classic conception of philosophy as the pursuit of wisdom. A philosopher is concerned ultimately with the conception of the good life in a good society. In these essays extending over many years, Hook illustrates the activity of the philosopher in the cave of social life. He brings to bear the tools of reflective analysis on dominant social and political issues: human rights; the role of personality and leadership in history; the attempt to defend freedom as we seek to preserve and extend the welfare state; and a criticism of the common premise of historical materialism shared by both Marxists and their opponents. Most significantly, Hook addresses the relation between morality and religion and the place of religion in democratic society. A secular and naturalistic humanism, he contends, generates an authentic, reliable commitment to the democratic faith.
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Southern Illinois University Press Carbondale & Edwardsville Feffer & Simons, Inc. London & Amsterdam
Page iv
Copyright 1980 by Southern Illinois University Press
All rights reserved
Third printing, April 1981
Printed in the United States of America
Designed by Richard Hendel
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Hook, Sidney, 1902 Philosophy and public policy.
Includes index. 1. LibertyAddresses, essays, lectures. 2. Civil rightsAddresses, essays, lectures. 3. HeroesAddresses, essays, lectures. 4. Political scienceAddresses, essays, lectures. I. Title. JC571.H643 323.4 79-16825 ISBN 0-8093-0937-8
Page v
To Morris and Rena
Page vii
CONTENTS
Preface
ix
Acknowledgments
xi
Part One: Philosophy and Public Policy
1 Philosophy and Public Policy
3
2 Law and Anarchy
16
3 The Concept and Realities of Power
38
4 Intelligence, Morality, and Foreign Policy
54
Part Two: Freedom and Rights
5 Reflections on Human Rights
67
6 The Social Democratic Prospect
98
7 Capitalism, Socialism, and Freedom
111
8 The Ethics of Controversy
117
9 Are There Limits to Freedom of Expression?
124
10 The Rights of the Victims
130
11 Reverse Discrimination
138
Part Three: Heroes and Anti-Heroes
12 The Hero in History: Myth, Power, or Moral Ideal?
153
13 The Relevance of John Dewey's Thought
165
14 Leon Trotsky and the Cunning of History
181
15 Toynbee's City of God
190
16 A Talk with Vinoba Bhave
199
Page viii
17 Bertrand Russell and Crimes Against Humanity
207
18 The Scoundrel in the Looking Glass
218
19 The Case of Alger Hiss
238
Part Four: Religion and Culture
20 Religion and Culture: The Dilemma of T. S. Eliot
255
Religion and Culture: A Reply by Jacques Maritain
261
Religion and Society: A Rejoinder
267
21 The Autonomy of the Democratic Faith
272
Index
281
Page ix
PREFACE
The essays in this volume were written over a considerable span of years and represent a selection from a vastly greater number that found their way to publication. They illustrate the application of a philosophical standpoint commonly called pragmatism, but which, with less risk of misunderstanding, should be called experimental naturalism, to a series of questions of continuing importance to a free society. Indeed, a striking feature of the large intellectual and cultural issues of our time is the extent to which, despite their topicality, they involve perennial social and political problems. Each generation approaches them with a different idiom and with its own specificities of feeling. But just as soon as thinking about these problems begins, the lines of division reform along familiar patterns.
Who would have thought a generation or two ago that there would be something of a revival of a religious interpretation of culture or that we would be hearing again that without commitment to some transcendent religious principle there could be neither a just social order nor genuine social peace and progress? Yet it would not be difficult to show that au fond the challenging views of Alexandr Solzhenitsyn on religion, secular humanism, and morals are not essentially different from those of T. S. Eliot or Jacques Maritain. Who would have anticipated during the days when there seemed to be universal support in the West for the "four freedoms" and their welfare corollaries that the social philosophy of conservatism would blossom once more, that views in some ways reminiscent of Herbert Spencer would win converts in quarters that had been impeccably liberal? Under the shibboleth of "libertarianism" the economic and social positions of the Liberty League of the thirties have been re-
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