Steve Coll - Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America’s Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan
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Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America’s Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan: summary, description and annotation
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Prior to 9/11, the United States had been carrying out small-scale covert operations in Afghanistan, ostensibly in cooperation, although often in direct opposition, with I.S.I., the Pakistani intelligence agency. While the US was trying to quell extremists, a highly secretive and compartmentalized wing of I.S.I., known as Directorate S, was covertly training, arming, and seeking to legitimize the Taliban, in order to enlarge Pakistans sphere of influence. After 9/11, when fifty-nine countries, led by the U. S., deployed troops or provided aid to Afghanistan in an effort to flush out the Taliban and Al Qaeda, the U.S. was set on an invisible slow-motion collision course with Pakistan.
Today we know that the war in Afghanistan would falter badly because of military hubris at the highest levels of the Pentagon, the drain on resources and provocation in the Muslim world caused by the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, and corruption. But more than anything, as Coll makes painfully clear, the war in Afghanistan was doomed because of the failure of the United States to apprehend the motivations and intentions of I.S.I.s Directorate S. This was a swirling and shadowy struggle of historic proportions, which endured over a decade and across both the Bush and Obama administrations, involving multiple secret intelligence agencies, a litany of incongruous strategies and tactics, and dozens of players, including some of the most prominent military and political figures. A sprawling American tragedy, the war was an open clash of arms but also a covert melee of ideas, secrets, and subterranean violence.
Coll excavates this grand battle, which took place away from the gaze of the American public. With unsurpassed expertise, original research, and attention to detail, he brings to life a narrative at once vast and intricate, local and global, propulsive and painstaking.
This is the definitive explanation of how America came to be so badly ensnared in an elaborate, factional, and seemingly interminable conflict in South Asia. Nothing less than a forensic examination of the personal and political forces that shape world history, Directorate S is a complete masterpiece of both investigative and narrative journalism.
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Private Empire
The Bin Ladens
Ghost Wars
On the Grand Trunk Road
Eagle on the Street (with David A. Vise)
The Taking of Getty Oil
The Deal of the Century
PENGUIN PRESS
An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC
375 Hudson Street
New York, New York 10014
penguin.com
Copyright 2018 by Steve Coll
Penguin supports copyright. Copyright fuels creativity, encourages diverse voices, promotes free speech, and creates a vibrant culture. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of this book and for complying with copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, or distributing any part of it in any form without permission. You are supporting writers and allowing Penguin to continue to publish books for every reader.
Lyrics from Everybody Knows written by Leonard Cohen and Sharon Robinson 1988 Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC. All rights on behalf of Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC, 424 Church Street, Suite 1200, Nashville, TN 37219. All rights reserved. Used by permission of Sony/ATV Music Publishing and Sharon Robinson.
Photograph credits:
: Photos by Robert Nickelsberg
ISBN 9781594204586 (hardcover)
ISBN 9780525557302 (ebook)
Maps by Charles Preppernau
Version_1
In Memory of Robert and Shirley
Everybody knows that the dice are loaded
Everybody rolls with their fingers crossed
Everybody knows that the war is over
Everybody knows that the good guys lost
L EONARD C OHEN , Everybody Knows, 1988
AUTHOR S NOTE
Two extraordinary colleagues contributed deeply to this book. Christina Satkowski, who earned an undergraduate degree at Wellesley College and a masters degree at Georgetown University, carried out important interviews and document analysis for more than two years. She was singularly responsible for the rich interviews that inform chapter 26, among many contributions. I could not have finished the book without her. The same is true of Elizabeth Barber, a graduate of the honors college at the State University of New York who also earned a masters degree from Columbia Universitys Graduate School of Journalism. Among other things, Elizabeth carried out a nine-month fact-check of the manuscript, recontacting sources and reaching out to new ones. She used this reporting to improve the manuscript from start to end, adding new scenes and revelations, and pushing tirelessly for accuracy, nuance, and completeness. Although I am solely responsible for what appears in these pages, Directorate S belongs to Christina and Elizabeth as much as it does to me. There are other colleagues from Columbia and elsewhere who made important contributions; I have tried to thank them all in the acknowledgments.
LIST OF MAPS
Al Qaedas Escape from Tora Bora ()
C.I.A.Special Forces Bases Along the Afghanistan-Pakistan Border ()
The Battle for Kandahar, 2010 ()
Osama Bin Laden in Hiding, 20012011 ()
CAST OF CHARACTER S
Frank Archibald, case officer, Kandahar, circa 2002; later Chief of Islamabad Station; C.I.A. liaison to Richard Holbrookes office at the Department of State, 20092010
Jonathan Bank, Chief of Islamabad Station, 2010
John Bennett, Chief of Islamabad Station, 2009; later Deputy Director of Operations
Cofer Black, Director of D.C.I.s Counterterrorist Center, 19992002
Rich Blee, Chief of ALEC Station, 19992001; Chief of Kabul Station, 2002; Chief of Islamabad Station, 20042005
John Brennan, Director of Central Intelligence, 20132017
Michael DAndrea, Director of the C.I.A.s Counterterrorism Center, 20062015
Porter Goss, Director of Central Intelligence, 20042006
Robert Grenier, Islamabad Station Chief, 2001; Director of C.I.A. Counterterrorism Center, 20042006
Michael Hayden, Director of Central Intelligence, 20062009
Michael Hurley, senior case officer, Kabul Station, 20022004
Stephen Kappes, case officer, Pakistan, 1980s; Deputy Director for Operations, 2004; Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, 20062010
Mark Kelton, Chief of Islamabad Station, 2011
Leon Panetta, Director of Central Intelligence, 20092011
David Petraeus, Director of Central Intelligence, 20112012
Jose Rodriguez, Director of C.I.A. Counterterrorism Center, 20022004; Deputy Director of Operations, 2004; Director of National Clandestine Service, 20042008
Tony Schinella, senior military analyst; director of District Assessments project mapping the Afghan war, 20092016
George Tenet, Director of Central Intelligence, 19972004
Greg Vogle, Chief of Base, Peshawar, Pakistan, 2001; C.I.A. liaison to Hamid Karzai, NovemberDecember 2001; paramilitary officer, Kabul Station, 2002; Chief of Kabul Station, 20042006 and 20092010; Director of C.I.A. paramilitary operations, 2014
Brian Glyn Williams, consultant on suicide bombings in Afghanistan, 20062007
Chris Wood, case officer, Pakistan, 19972001; case officer, Northern Alliance Liaison Team, autumn 2001; head of operations, Kabul Station, 2002; Chief of ALEC Station, circa 20032004; Afghan specialist at the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 2010; Chief of Kabul Station, 2011; Director of C.I.A.s Counterterrorism Center, 20152017
Jeff Hayes, D.I.A. analyst on South Asia, assigned to National Security Council, 20092014
Peter Lavoy, National Intelligence Officer for South Asia, 20072008; Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Analysis, 20082011; Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, 20112014; Senior Director for South Asia, National Security Council, 20152016
Marc Sageman, former C.I.A. case officer, consultant to U.S. Army intelligence, 20102012; consultant to International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, 20122013
David Smith, Defense Intelligence Agency representative in Islamabad, 2001; senior Pakistan analyst at D.I.A. and the Pentagon until 2012
David Barno, U.S. and coalition commander in Afghanistan, 20032005
Karl Eikenberry, U.S. and coalition commander in Afghanistan, 20052007; U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan, 20092011
Michael Flynn, International Security Assistance Force intelligence chief, 20092010
Timothy J. Hopper, platoon leader, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, Combined Task Force Strike
Darin Loftis, chief plans adviser for the International Security Assistance Force, in the AFPAK Hands program, 20112012
Stanley McChrystal, Commander of Joint Special Operations Command, 20032008; Director of the Joint Staff, 20082009; Commander of I.S.A.F. and U.S. Forces Afghanistan, 20092010
Mike Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 20072011
Barry Shapiro, deputy for the Office of the Defense RepresentativePakistan, 20022003 and 20052008
Tony Harriman, senior director for Afghanistan at the National Security Council, 20052007
Jim Jones, National Security Adviser, 20092010
Doug Lute, Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Adviser for Iraq and Afghanistan (War Czar), 20072009; Special Assistant to the President and Senior Coordinator for Afghanistan and Pakistan, 20092013; U.S. Ambassador to N.A.T.O., 20132017
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