Acknowledgments
I am greatly indebted to a number of colleagues who have very kindly reviewed sections of my manuscript and given me the benefit of their comments and advice. These include Warren Allmon (chapters 15, 15), John Cisne (chapters 9, 10, 12, 13), William Crepet (chapters 7 and 11), the late Kenneth Kennedy (chapter 14), Amy McCune (chapter 6), William Schopf (chapter 3), and Keith Thomson (chapters 6, 8, and 16).
They are not responsible, of course, for whatever mistakes may remain.
I am also deeply grateful for the help and support of two other people. My executive assistant, M. Joy Wagner, has helped me at every turn, given me endless technical help and support, and encouraged and helped me to complete the manuscript.
Rachel Parks Rochefort, lawyer, dedicated environmentalist, and public policy exponent, typed and retyped the manuscript with endless patience, skill, and goodwill. She unearthed references, checked dates, organized figures, clarified my descriptions, and, at every stage, played the role of constructive critic and patient enabler. My debt to her is great, and I am profoundly grateful for the countless ways she has helped, encouraged, and supported my writing.
At Cornell University Press I warmly thank Kitty Liu, Emily Powers, and Dina Dineva for their contributions. I am especially grateful for the generous help of Ange Romeo-Hall, managing editor, and for her consummate editorial skills.
A small portion of chapter 17 is drawn from a paper I read before the Geologists Association, and I offer my kind thanks to the association for its appearance here.
Related Reading
Chapter 1. Defrosting the Mammoth
Coleman, William. 1962. Georges Cuvier, Zoologist: A Study in the History of Evolution Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Fortey, Richard A. 1991. Fossils: The Keys to the Past. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gillespie, Charles Coulston. 1996. Genesis and Geology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Guthrie, R. Dale. 1990. Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Knell, Simon J. 2012. The Great Fossil Enigma: The Search for the Conodont Animal. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Lister, Adrian, and Paul G. Bahn. 1994. Mammoths. New York: Macmillan.
Lovejoy, Arthur O. 1936. The Great Chain of Being . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Rudwick, Martin J. S. 1976. The Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Paleontology. 2nd ed. New York: Science History Publications.
. 1997. Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes: New Translations and Interpretations of the Primary Texts . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
. 2007. Bursting the Limits of Time: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
. 2010. Worlds before Adam: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Shoshani, Jeheskel, and Pascal Tassy. 1996. The Proboscidea: Evolution and Paleoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ward, Peter D. 1997. The Call of the Dinosaur Mammoths: Why the Ice Age Mammals Disappeared. New York: Springer Verlag.
Chapter 2. Terrestrial Timepieces
Albritton, Claude C. Jr. 2002. The Abyss of Time: Changing Conceptions of Earths Antiquity after the Sixteenth Century. New York: Dover Publications.
Benchfield, Joe D. 1998. The Age of the Earth and the Invention of Geological Time. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 143:13743.
Berry, William B. N. 1968. Growth of a Prehistoric Time Scale Based on Organic Evolution. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Brush, Stephen G. 1996. Transmuted Past: The Age of the Earth and the Evolution of the Elements from Lyell to Patterson. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Calder, Nigel. 1983. Timescale: An Atlas of the Fourth Dimension. New York: The Viking Press.
Dalrymple, G. Brent. 1991. The Age of the Earth. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
. 2001. The Age of the Earth in the Twentieth Century: A Problem (Mostly) Solved. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 190:20521.
Gillespie, Charles C. 1996. Genesis and Geology: A Study of the Relations of Scientific Thought, Natural Technology, and Social Opinion in Great Britain, 17901850. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gould, Stephen J. 2001. Times Arrow, Times Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geologic Time. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gradstein, Felix M., James Ogg, and Alan Smith, eds. 2005. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Grost, Martin. 2001. Measuring Eternity. New York: Broadway Books.
Haber, Francis C. 1959. The Age of the World: Moses to Darwin. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hallam, A. 1989. Great Geological Controversies. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Holland, Charles Hepworth. 1999. The Idea of Time. Chichester: John Wiley Books.
Holmes, Arthur. 1913. The Age of the Earth. London: Harper and Brothers.
Lewis, Cherry. 2000. The Dating Game: One Mans Search for the Age of the Earth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lewis, Cherry, and Simon J. Knell, eds. 2001. The Age of the Earth: From 4004 BC to 2002 AD. London: Geological Society of London.
Macdougall, Doug. 2008. Natures Clocks: How Scientists Measure the Age of Almost Everything. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ogg, James G., Gabbi Ogg, and Felix M. Gradstein. 2008. The Concise Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Toulmin, Stephen, and June Goodfield. 1965. The Discovery of Time. New York: Harper and Row.
York, Derek, and Ronald M. Farquhar. 1972. The Earths Age and Geochronology. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Chapter 3. From So Simple a Beginning
Cairns-Smith, A. Graham. 1984. Genetic Takeover and the Mineral Origins of Life. New York: Cambridge University Press.
. 1985. Seven Clues to the Origin of Life: A Scientific Detective Story. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clarkson, Euan N. K. 1998. Invertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. 4th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science.
Conway-Morris, Simon. 1998. The Crucible of Creation: The Burgess Shale and the Rise of Animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Davies, Paul. 2003. The Origin of Life. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Dyson, Freeman J. 1999. Origins of Life. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fortey, Richard. 1998. Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth. New York: Alfred Knopf.
Fry, Iris. 2000. The Emergence of Life on Earth: A Historical and Scientific Overview. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Gould, Stephen Jay. 1990. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of the Fossil Record. New York: W. W. Norton.
Knoll, Andrew H. 2003. Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Margulis, Lynn. 1982. Early Life . Boston: Scientific Books.
. 2000. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. New York: Basic Books.
Margulis, Lynn, Clifford Matthews, and Aaron Haselton, eds. 2000. Environmental Evolution: Effects of the Origin and Evolution of Life on Planet Earth . 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Schopf, J. William, ed. 1983. Earths Earliest Biosphere. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
. 2001. Cradle of Life: The Discovery of Earths Earliest Fossils. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
, ed. 2002. Lifes Origin: The Beginnings of Biological Evolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.