Minnesota's Criminal
Justice System
C AROLINA A CADEMIC P RESS
State-Specific Criminal Justice Series
__________________________
Criminal Justice Basics and Concerns
William G. Doerner, ed.
________________
Alabama's Criminal Justice System
Vicki Lindsay and Jeffrey P. Rush, eds.
Arkansas's Criminal Justice System
Edward Powers and Janet K. Wilson
California's Criminal Justice System
Second Edition
Christine L. Gardiner and Pamela Fiber-Ostrow, eds.
Florida's Criminal Justice System
Second Edition
William G. Doerner
Georgia's Criminal Justice System
Deborah Mitchell Robinson
Illinois's Criminal Justice System
Jill Joline Myers and Todd Lough, eds.
Minnesota's Criminal Justice System
Jeff Bumgarner, Susan Hilal, and James Densley
Missouri's Criminal Justice System
Frances P. Reddington, ed.
North Carolina's Criminal Justice System
Second Edition
Paul E. Knepper and Mark Jones
Ohio's Criminal Justice System
Joshua B. Hill, Nancy E. Marion, Kevin M. Cashen,
R. James Orr, III, and Kendra J. Kec
Pennsylvania's Criminal Justice System
Mary P. Brewster and Harry R. Dammer, eds.
West Virginia's Criminal Justice System
Kimberly A. DeTardo-Bora, Dhruba J. Bora,
and Samuel L. Dameron
Minnesota's Criminal
Justice System
Jeff Bumgarner
P ROFESSOR OF C RIMINAL J USTICE
N ORTH D AKOTA S TATE U NIVERSITY
Susan Hilal
P ROFESSOR OF C RIMINAL J USTICE
M ETROPOLITAN S TATE U NIVERSITY
James Densley
A SSOCIATE P ROFESSOR OF C RIMINAL J USTICE
M ETROPOLITAN S TATE U NIVERSITY
Copyright 2016
Carolina Academic Press, LLC
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Bumgarner, Jeffrey B., author. | Hilal, Susan M., author. | Densley,
James A. (James Andrew), 1982- author.
Title: Minnesota's criminal justice system / Jeff Bumgarner, Susan Hilal, and
James Densley.
Description: Durham, North Carolina : Carolina Academic Press, [2016] |
Series: State-specific criminal justice series | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016002518 | ISBN 9781611631777 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Criminal justice, Administration of--Minnesota. | Law
enforcement--Minnesota.
Classification: LCC HV9955.M6 .B87 2016 | DDC 364.776--dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016002518
eISBN 978-1-61163-760-1
C AROLINA A CADEMIC P RESS , LLC
700 Kent Street
Durham, North Carolina 27701
Telephone (919) 489-7486
Fax (919) 493-5668
www.cap-press.com
Printed in the United States of America
This book is dedicated to our studentspast, present, and future
and their efforts to improve the criminal justice system we write about.
Contents
List of Figures and Tables
Series Note
Carolina Academic Press' state-specific criminal justice series fills a gap in the field of criminal justice education. One drawback with many current introduction to criminal justice texts is that they pertain to the essentially non-existent American criminal justice system and ignore the local landscape. Each state has its unique legislature, executive branch, law enforcement system, court and appellate review system, state supreme court, correctional system, and juvenile justice apparatus. Since many criminal justice students embark upon careers in their home states, they are better served by being exposed to their own states' criminal justice systems. Texts in this series are designed to be used as primary texts or as supplements to more general introductory criminal justice texts.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the following individuals for contributions large and small during this project:
Colleen Clarke
Mary Clifford
Deborah Eckberg
John Harrington
Paul Iovino
David Squier Jones
Kelly Kalla
John Kirkwood
Sheila Lambie
Bryan Litsey
Kyle Loven
Hugo McPhee
Staff at Minnesota POST Board
Sara Morell
Scott Nadeau
Jillian Peterson
Greg Rye
Nancy Sabin
Ellen Sackrison
Raj Sethuraju
Wade Setter
Dana Swayze
Thanks also to our families and friends for continued enthusiasm and encouragement and Beth Hall and the team at Carolina Academic Press for helping bring this book to fruition.
A special thanks to Michael C. Flynn, who is responsible for the artistic illustrations at the beginning of several chapters.
Introduction
Welcome to Minnesota. Clear blue water. Star of the North. Gopher State. Flyover country. The land of 10,000 lakes (technically 11,842, but who's counting) and 5 million people, 60 percent of whom live in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul. Some of the largest Hmong, Karen, Somali, and Native American minority populations in the country call Minnesota home. So, too, do 50 different species of mosquitoes, which is not so good. The state is the source of the mighty Mississippi River and site of some of the coldest places in the contiguous United States. It is also home to some of the oldest rocks found on earth and some of the most famous rock stars, including Bob Dylan, Eddie Cochran, and the man who made Minnesota purple with pride, the late Prince Rogers Nelson. Legend has it, the Rolling Stones' hit, You Can't Always Get What You Want, was inspired by a passing remark to Mick Jagger in an Excelsior drugstore.
Other Minnesota VIPs include one of the greatest writers of all time, F. Scott Fitzgerald, author of The Great Gatsby , and one of world's best cartoonists, Charles Shultz, creator of the comic strip Peanuts . Minnesotans have elected a former Saturday Night Live writer to the U.S. Senate, and a former pro-wrestler to the state Governor's Residence. Minnesotans can also claim one former vice president of the United States and one former chief justice. Additionally, a Minnesotan is the associate justice of the Supreme Court responsible for writing the landmark Roe v. Wade opinion.
Minnesota is home to the largest Sherlock Homes archive in the world, which is housed on the Minneapolis campus of the University of Minnesota. Aviator Charles Lindbergh grew up in Minnesota. The Mary Tyler Moore Show , Garrison Keillor's A Prairie Home Companion , Judy Garland (There's no place like home!), and the Academy Award-winning sibling filmmakers, the Coen Brothers, also claim Minnesota origins. The state further celebrates Greg LeMond, America's only official Tour de France winner (sorry, Lance)!
Food features prominently in Minnesota life. Both General Mills, one of the largest food makers in the world, and Hormel Foods, maker of the iconic Spam, are headquartered in the state. And every year, during one of the nation's largest state fairs, over 1,000,000 people Get-Together to consume any and all food on a stick. Shopping is big too. Minnesota birthed the nation's first indoor shopping mall, Southdale Center in Edina, and still hosts its largest, the modestly named Mall of America in Bloomington.
