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Wayne Flynt - Poor But Proud: Alabamas Poor Whites

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This meticulous reconstruction of the lives of poor whites in the heart of Dixie is a model study inviting new respect for a people who have suffered from widespread and continuing stereotyping.The phrase poor but proud aptly describes many white Alabamians who settled the state and persisted through time. During the antebellum years, poor whites developed a distinctive culture on the periphery of the cotton belt. As herdsmen, subsistence farmers, mill workers, and miners, they flourished in a society more renowned for its two-class division of planters and slaves. The New Deal era and the advent of World War II broke the long downward spiral of poverty and afforded new opportunities for upward mobility. Wayne Flynt addresses the life experiences of poor whites through their occupations, society, and culture. He explores their family structure, music, religion, folklore, crafts, and politics and describes their attempts to resolve their own problems through labor unions and political movements. He reveals that many of our stereotypes about poor whites are wildly exaggerated; few were derelicts or white trash. Even though racism, emotionalism, and a penchant for violence were possible among poor whites, most bore their troubles with dignity and self-respect, working hard to eventually lift themselves out of poverty. First published in 1989 by The University of Alabama Press, Poor but Proud was met with critical acclaim and awarded the 1990 Lillian Smith prize in nonfiction, as well as being named a CHOICE Outstanding Academic Book. This new paperback version will make the classic work available for general readers, bookstores, and classrooms.

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title Poor but Proud Alabamas Poor Whites author Flynt J - photo 1

title:Poor but Proud : Alabama's Poor Whites
author:Flynt, J. Wayne.
publisher:University of Alabama Press
isbn10 | asin:081730424X
print isbn13:9780817304249
ebook isbn13:9780585224534
language:English
subjectRural development--Alabama, Rural poor--Alabama, Alabama--Rural conditions.
publication date:1989
lcc:HN79.A133C64 1989eb
ddc:305.5/69/09761
subject:Rural development--Alabama, Rural poor--Alabama, Alabama--Rural conditions.
Page iii
Poor but Proud
Alabama's Poor Whites
Wayne Flynt
The University of Alabama Press Tuscaloosa and London Page iv - photo 2
The University of
Alabama Press
Tuscaloosa and
London
Page iv
Copyright 1989 by
The University of Alabama Press
Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
Publication of this book was made possible, in part, by a grant from the Auburn University Humanities Fund.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Flynt, J. Wayne, 1940
Poor but proud.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Rural developmentAlabama. 2. Rural poor
Alabama. 3. AlabamaRural conditions. 1. Title.
HN79.A133C64 1989 305.56909761 88-20859
ISBN 0-8173-0424-x (alk. paper)
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data available.
SECOND PRINTING 1990
Page v
TO ANCESTORS REMEMBERED
Julius Homer and Annie Phoebe Flynt
Felix Maxwell and Shirley Belle Moore
Lou Allen and Mae House
Harris Washington and Julia Ann Smith
Page vii
CONTENTS
Preface
ix
Part One
Origins
Chapter 1
"Unknown and Forgotten Ancestors"
3
Chapter 2
"A Poor Man's Fight"
36
Part Two
Occupations
Chapter 3
"Looking for Something Better": Alabama's Farm Tenants
59
Chapter 4
"A Sight to Gratify Any Philanthropist": Alabama's Textile Workers
92
Chapter 5
"Dark as a Dungeon, Damp as a Dew": Alabama's Coal Miners
113
Chapter 6
"A Man That's Lumbering as Long as Me Knows a Few Things": Alabama's Timber Workers
146
Chapter 7
"Barefoot Man at the Gate": Iron Workers and Appalachian Farmers
157
Part Three
Society, Culture, and Politics
Chapter 8
"We Ain't Low-Down": Poor White Society
173
Chapter 9
"Out of the Dust": Poor Folks' Culture
211
Chapter 10
"The Fight Is Not Social": The Politics of Poverty
243

Page viii
Part Four
Disruption and Integration
Chapter 11
"We Didn't Know the Difference": The Great Depression
281
Chapter 12
"The Poor You Have with You Always": The Enduring Legacy
333
Appendix 1
White Tenancy in Ten Selected Alabama Counties in 1880
367
Appendix 2
1897 Populist Voting Patterns and Agricultural Indigence in 1880
378
Notes
380
Bibliography
428
Index
453

Page ix
PREFACE
The most fundamental question concerning Albama's poor whites is also the hardest to answer: how does one define them? Although poor whites were often powerless, that was not always the case. In the antebellum years an alliance of yeomen and poor whites controlled a substantial share of political power, perhaps greater than that of planters. In later years, various organizations of poor whites, sometimes allied with blacks, wielded power through labor unions and political factions. Certainly "poor" does not refer to culture, for their culture sustained a remarkable sense of pride and dignity. Through religious and musical expressions, crafts, and lore, poor people created a subculture that had meaning to them, that survived various homogenizing influences, and one that they often considered superior to the culture of their economic "betters." All generalizations contain exceptions, and some poor whites consistently stood outside the state's political, social, and cultural institutions. To the extent that "poor white trash" had any meaning at all, it described a small residue of people who may be distinguished not only from middle and upper class whites but from impoverished poor whites as well. Refusing to pursue whatever meager opportunities came their way, they were satisfied with a subsistence existence consisting of a bit of corn and whiskey, freedom to hunt and fish whenever they chose, the most casual kind of living arrangements with the opposite sex, little effort at child rearing, and no institutional involvement in churches, political parties, farmers' organizations, or schools. Illiterate and transient, they moved through Alabama's history like a shadow, leaving little if any impression. But most poor whites occasionally made their mark on church rolls, census lists, union membership, or voting records. Striving, not accomplishment, often became their legacy.
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