Thomas C. Wright - Flight from Chile: voices of exile

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title	:	Flight From Chile : Voices of Exile
author	:	Wright, Thomas C.
publisher	:	University of New Mexico
isbn10 | asin	:	0826318916
print isbn13	:	9780826318916
ebook isbn13	:	9780585219042
language	:	English
subject	Chile--Politics and government--1970-1973, Chile--Politics and government--1973-1988, Chile--Politics and government--1988- , Chileans--Foreign countries--Politics and government, Social adjustment, Chileans--Foreign countries--Interviews, Political refug
publication date	:	1998
lcc	:	F3100.F58 1998eb
ddc	:	983/.065
subject	:	Chile--Politics and government--1970-1973, Chile--Politics and government--1973-1988, Chile--Politics and government--1988- , Chileans--Foreign countries--Politics and government, Social adjustment, Chileans--Foreign countries--Interviews, Political refug

Page iii Flight from Chile Voices of Exile Thomas C. Wright Rody Oate Translations by Irene B. Hodgson University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque

Page iv 1998 by the University of New Mexico Press FIRST EDITION. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Flight from Chile : voices of exile / [compiled by] Thomas C. Wright, Rody Oate; translations by Irene Hodgson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index. ISBN 0-8263-1891-6 (hardcover). ISBN 0-8263-1957-2 (pbk.) 1. Chile Politics and government 19701973. 2. Chile Politics and government 19731988. 3. Chile Politics and government 1988 4. Chileans Foreign countries Politics and government. 5. Social adjustment. 6. Chileans Foreign countries Interviews. 7. Rufugees, Political Chile Interviews. I. Wright, Thomas C. II. Oate, Rody, 1948 F3100.F58 1998 983'.065 dc21 98-13068 CIP

Page v Contents Introduction ix Translator's Introduction xiii Acknowledgments xvii Map xx Chapter One The Diaspora in Context: Chilean Politics, 19701994 1 Chapter Two Prelude to Exile: The Military Coup 11 Chapter Three Paths to Exile 39 Chapter Four Resistance and Exile 70 Chapter Five The Diaspora: Exile on Four Continents 91 Chapter Six The Diaspora: Exile in Western Europe 123 Chapter Seven Political Life in Exile: Fighting the Dictatorship from Afar 149 Chapter Eight Exiles' Return, 19781988: Struggle on Many Fronts 171 Chapter Nine Return to a New Exile, 19881994 198 Selected Bibliography 227 List of Interviews 231 Index 233

Page vii El destierro es redondo: un crculo, un anillo: le dan vuelta tus pies, cruzas la tierra, no es tu tierra, te despierta la luz, y no es tu luz, la noche llega: faltan tus estrellas, hallas hermanos: pero no es tu sangre. Exile is round: a circle, a ring: your feet walk around it, you cross the land, it is not your land, the light awakens you, and it is not your light, nightfall arrives: your stars are absent, you find kin: but they are not your blood. EPIGRAM SOURCE: "Exilo" ["Exile"] by Pablo Neruda, Memorial de Isla Negra, 6th edition (Buenos Aires: Editorial Losada, 1996), p. 169.

Page ix Introduction This book is the story of Chileans in exile. Between 1973 and 1988, an estimated 200,000 men, women, and children nearly 2 percent of Chile's population were forced out of their country for political reasons. In the following pages, thirty-three of those exiles recount the circumstances leading to their expatriation, the challenges they faced in adapting to life in countries around the world, and the difficulties of returning to a Chile that had changed profoundly during their absence. Their stories provide a look into the phenomenon of exile that deeply affected the lives of so many of their compatriots. In general terms, Chilean exiles lived an experience shared by at least two million other Latin Americans over the past four decades. Beginning with the Cuban Revolution, Latin America has witnessed the new phenomenon of politically caused mass exile. While exile itself has a long history in Latin America, prior to 1959 it was the province of the few normally political leaders on the losing side of military coups or other power struggles. All of that changed with Fidel Castro's ascension to power, as Cubans eventually numbering around a million opted for expatriation over living in the new socialist state. The military dictatorships of Brazil and the southern cone themselves a reaction to the wave of revolutionary activity unleashed throughout Latin America by the Cuban Revolution added to the numbers of the displaced. The military governments of Brazil (19641985), Uruguay (19731984), Chile (19731990), and Argentina (19761983) severely repressed the left in their countries, and among their strategies for destroying their opponents was the institutionalization of mass exile. Thus, for nearly twenty-five years, hundreds of

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