Joseph Cone - The Northwest Salmon Crisis: A Documentary History
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The Northwest Salmon Crisis: A Documentary History
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Cover photo: The run of giant chinook salmon commonly referred to as June hogs was depleted by fishing, then further reduced by the erection of the mainstem Columbia River dams, which hampered the fish's migration. This 85-pound chinook, the largest ever caught at Astoria, was caught in 1925 by Tony Canessa. Courtesy of the Columbia River Maritime Museum, Astoria. Woodcut by Yasui Osawa, Upstream Productions
The paper used in this publication meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources and the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Northwest salmon crisis: a documentary history/edited by Joseph Cone and Sandy Ridlington. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-87071-474-4 (paperback: alk. paper) 1. Pacific salmonNorthwest, PacificHistorySources. 2. Fishery conservationNorthwest, PacificHistorySources. 3. Pacific salmonEffect of habitat modification onNorthwest, PacificHistorySources. 4. Endangered speciesNorthwest, PacificHistorySources. I. Cone, Joseph. II. Ridlington, Sandy. SH348.N68 1996 333.95'6dc20 96-4604 CIP
Copyright 1996 Oregon Sea Grant. Paperback edition 1999 Oregon Sea Grant All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America
Oregon State University Press 101 Waldo Hall Corvallis OR 97331-6407 541-737-3166 fax 541-737-3170 http://osu.orst.edu/dept/press
Page iii
The Northwest Salmon Crisis
A Documentary History
Edited by Joseph Cone and Sandy Ridlington
Contributors
Bill M. Bakke
Michael C. Blumm
F. Lorraine Bodi
Joseph Cone
Douglas W. Dompier
Stanley V. Gregory
Robert Kentta
William L. Lang
James A. Lichatowich
William G. Robbins
Courtland L. Smith
Page iv
PREFACE
Something extreme is happening to salmon. For millions of years Pacific salmon have evolved to populate many hundreds of streams throughout the Northwest. Today more than two hundred of these local populations of salmon are in danger of becoming extinct; more than one hundred other populations have already been driven to extinction during the last hundred years.
This biological crisis has been forced on the attention of residents of the Northwest by efforts to protect the fish under the federal Endangered Species Act. These efforts have sparked a regional controversy over their benefits and costs, which in turn has prompted the Oregonian newspaper, the largest in the region, to dub "the future of salmon" as "the central environmental issue of the decade [1990s]."
This book arose from a desire to help the region's people understand the background of the contemporary crisis. Today's salmon decline did not just happen overnight, but required decades and a combination of adverse factors. Some factors are beyond human control, specifically, recent adverse ocean conditions. But ocean temperature and food supplies have been unfavorable before without bringing so many salmon populations to the brink. We are concerned here with factors within human control because we can, presumably, learn from what we've done and make changes, if we choose. The heart of this book is its collection of documents from the last 140 years. Some of these documents are historical photographs and other graphic images, placed into a context that we think sheds new light on them. But even more important than these visual reference points are the printed documents assembled here. Many of them have been known only to specialists or have long been out of print, but they can now be seen as important mileposts in the sorry journey of the salmon. The documents were chosen by the contributing writers to either reveal a cause of the salmon decline or reflect the concerns of those who saw it coming.
We have provided a brief introduction to each section, and, in conjunction with the contributors, have abbreviated the documents where appropriate. Following each document or set of companion documents, the contributors have provided commentaries that assess their historic significance. All of the contributors are specialists in this his-
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