Pekka Kalevi Hämäläinen - In time of storm: revolution, civil war, and the ethnolinguistic issue in Finland
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In time of storm: revolution, civil war, and the ethnolinguistic issue in Finland
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First published in 1978 by State University of New York Press Albany, New York 12246
1978 State University of New York All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Hamalainen, Pekka Kalevi. In time of storm.
Bibliography 1. FinlandHistoryRevolution, 1917-1918. 2. EthnologyFinland. 3. FinlandLanguages. I. Title. DK459. H3163 947.1'03 78-6301 ISBN 0-87395-375-4
To Patricia and my children.
Page viii
Contents
Preface
ix
A Note on Placenames
xv
Chapter One The Framework and the Scene
1
Chapter Two Socioeconomic and Ethnolinguistic Cleavages and Socialism
19
Chapter Three Socialist Gains, the Process of Radicalization, and the Ethnolinguistic Issue
35
Chapter Four The Reds and the Ethnolinguistic Issue
53
Chapter Five The Whites and the Ethnolinguistic Issue
73
Chapter Six The Origins, Causes, and Nature of the Civil War and the Ethnolinguistic Issue
89
Chapter Seven Conclusions
115
Notes
127
Selected Bibliography
153
Index
165
Page ix
Preface
The period coinciding with the Russian revolution and the end of the First World War was a time of great and rapid changes in many European societies. Hitherto hidden or suppressed rivalries and tensions between competing socioeconomic and ethnolinguistic groups burst to the surface. The result was the emergence of severe conflicts in several European countries. In some regions of the continent they grew so desperate as to result in a total breakdown of the traditional political and social order. Violence, revolution, civil conflict, and even civil war followed, frequently reflecting the complex manner in which socioeconomic and ethnolinguistic cleavages coalesced and blended with each other. Such conflicts are an important object of study. Aside from their inherent importance as a critical and formative phenomenon in twentieth-century European history, they also hold wider and, in many ways, quite contemporary interest. Understanding them is necessary for the understanding of contemporary European history. But they are also a fascinating and fruitful source of study because of the fact that similar or related conflicts are still with us today in many parts of the world and seem destined to be with us for the foreseeable future.
These conflicts reveal a relationship that existed between two major currents of the twentieth centurysocialism and nationalismand their derivatives, communism and racism. Socialism emphasized the
Page x
contrasts between different socioeconomic classes. It argued that the differences in their interests and aspirations inevitably resulted in rivalry, antagonism, struggle, and conflict between them. At the same time it emphasized the unity of these same socioeconomic interests across national and ethnolinguistic boundaries. Nationalism, on the contrary, stressed the contrasts separating different nations or ethnolinguistic groups. It tended to ignore the significance of socioeconomic differentiation within the same nation or ethnolinguistic group. The existence of such opposite ideologies created especially difficult and complex situations in societies which included more than one ethnolinguistic group.
The purpose of this study is to make a contribution to the unravelling of such situations, conflicts, and relationships by exploring them within the context of one specific society, Finland. The choice of that country is dictated by the author's interest and knowledge of it, and by the fact that it offers an opportunity to go deeper into the topic than the treatment of a wider area would allow. It is the author's ambition to get beyond the study of institutions and the views and attitudes of men in public life, beyond those of the intellectuals or the wider intelligentsia, and to make sense of and analyze the viewpoints, wishes, likings, and prejudices of ordinary people. These are elusive matters and require an intimate, thorough knowledge and understanding of the society which is their setting. Thus this study is not so much a narrative of the explicit events taking place during the revolutionary and civil war period in Finland but rather an analysis of cultural, socioeconomic, and ethnolinguistic structures, attitudes, views, motivations, and pressures connected with that period. The work focuses in many ways on the relationship of socialism to nationalism, the foundations on which these ideologies rested, and the deep social cleavages which lay behind them.
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