Charles Pete T. Banner-Haley - The fruits of integration: Black middle-class ideology and culture, 1960-1990
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The fruits of integration: Black middle-class ideology and culture, 1960-1990
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In late twentieth-century America the black middle class has occupied a unique position. It greatly influenced the way African Americans were perceived and presented to the greater society, and it set roles and guidelines for the nations black masses. Though historically a small group, it has attempted to be a model for inspiration and uplift.As a key force in the Africanizing of American culture, the black middle class has been both a shaper and a mirror during the past three decades. This study of that era shows that the fruits of integration have been at once sweet and bitter. This history of a pivotal group in American society will cause reflection, discussion, and debate.
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Black Middle-Class Ideology and Culture, 1960-1990
Charles T. Banner-Haley
UNIVERSITY PRESS OF MISSISSIPPI Jackson
Page iv
Copyright 1994 by the University Press of Mississippi All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America
97 96 95 94 4 3 2 1
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Banner-Haley, Charles Pete T., 1948 The fruits of integration : Black middle class ideology and culture, 1960-1990 / Charles T. Banner-Haley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-87805-647-5. ISBN 0-87805-648-3 (paper) 1. Afro-Americans. 2. Middle classesUnited States. 3. Afro AmericansIntellectual life. 4. Afro-AmericansCivil rights. I. Title. E185.615.B285 1994 305.5'5'08996073dc20 93-30870 CIP
British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data available
Page v
Dedicated to A. P., R. W., C. K., D. W., J. B., J. L., and C. R. G.
Page vii
The Talented Tenth of the Negro race must be made leaders of thought and missionaries of culture among their people. W. E. B. Du Bois (1903)
Page ix
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments
xi
Introduction: The Ambiguity of Nomenclature
xvii
1. Leaders of Thought, Missionaries of Culture
3
2. From the Hollow to the High Ground and Back: The Civil Rights Movement and Its Aftermath
27
3. To Preserve the Dignity of the Race: Black Conservatives and Affirmative Action
53
4. Integrating the Many Voices: The Continuing Growth of African American Literature
81
5. Sound and Image: The Cultural Fruits of Integration
21
6. Changing the Guard: AfroAmerica's New Guardians of Culture
157
Notes
177
Selected Bibliography
219
Index
229
Page xi
Preface and Acknowledgments
This book was conceived in 1985. How a book is bornwhere the initial idea comes fromis a mystery I have yet to resolve. In a sense, this book is an extension into the present of a previous study, undertaken as a dissertation project, on African Americans in Philadelphia's middle class during the Depression. However, in many ways the present book arose out simply of a keen desire to explore the revolutionary changes that have taken place within AfroAmerica over the last thirty years. Black America has gone from Jim Crow segregation in the South and near invisibility nationwide to securing civil rights and voting rightsthereby demolishing the most overt features of segregationand then visibly and proudly producing some of the best cultural contributions that this country has ever seen.
Furthermore, within AfroAmerica there has been an expansion of the middle class. This class not only aided in attaining the civil rights now enjoyed by all African Americans but has also been in the forefront of enlarging the discourse on what America should be. That is to say, the black middle class has grown large enough so that the diversity of AfroAmerica can be seen and heard as it has never been before. That makes for some exciting prospects, as well as some tense ones. The excitement comes from the vitality and richness that newer voices, seldom heard by the nation at large, bring to the question of what America is. The tension arises from two directions. If the black middle class now boasts more members than ever before, they have also increasingly become detached from their sisters and brothers in the inner cities. Concomitant with this is growing concern over identity. Who is authentically black? Those who are immiserated in poverty, victimized by a social system that seems to have relegated them to a perilous existence fraught with crime, drugs, and death at an early age? Or are the authentic voices those who have "gotten over," those
Page xii
who have made it successfully through the system and, while still conscious of their heritage, are more concerned that their families remain securethat their children get a good education and grow up to be happy, healthy, and proudly black?
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