Daniel F. Littlefield - Seminole burning: a story of racial vengeance
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Seminole Indians--History--19th century, Seminole Indians--Social conditions, Seminole Indians--Land tenure, Indians, Treatment of--Oklahoma--Pottawatomie County, Lynching--Oklahoma--Pottawatomie County--History--19th century, Pottawatomie County (Okla.)-
publication date
:
1996
lcc
:
E99.S28L573 1996eb
ddc
:
976.6/36004973
subject
:
Seminole Indians--History--19th century, Seminole Indians--Social conditions, Seminole Indians--Land tenure, Indians, Treatment of--Oklahoma--Pottawatomie County, Lynching--Oklahoma--Pottawatomie County--History--19th century, Pottawatomie County (Okla.)-
Page iii
Seminole Burning
A Story of Racial Vengeance
Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr.
University Press of Mississippi Jackson
Page iv
Copyright 1996 by the University Press of Mississippi All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America
99 98 97 96 4 3 2 1
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Littlefield, Daniel F. Seminole burning: a story of racial vengeance / Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-87805-923-7 (cloth : alk. paper).ISBN 0-87805-924-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Seminole IndiansHistory19th century. 2. Seminole IndiansSocial conditions. 3. Seminole IndiansLand tenure. 4. Indians, Treatment of OklahomaPottawatomie County. 5. LynchingOklahomaPottawatomie CountyHistory19th century. 6. Pottawatomie County (Okla.)History 19th century. 7. Pottawatomie County (Okla.)Race relations. I. Title. E99.S28L573 1996 976.6'36004973dc20 96-16413 CIP
British Library Cataloging-in-Publication data available
Page v
Contents
Preface
vii
1. A Celebration
3
2. Borderlands
9
3. Landlords, Renters, Intruders, and Fraud
20
4. Murder and Riders after Vengeance
33
5. Seminole Burning
62
6. Defense of Burning
88
7. A Matter of Jurisdiction
112
8. Horace Speed, Special Prosecutor
129
9. The Trials
142
10. Justice on the Balance
159
Notes
173
Bibliography
203
Index
209
Page vii
Preface
My first knowledge of the episode known as the Seminole burning came from an undergraduate course in Oklahoma history taught by Angie Debo in the summer of 1959. The context in which she presented it became lost to me in time, but I could not forget the incident itself. Perhaps a decade later, I obtained a microfilm copy of "Violence on the Oklahoma Territory-Seminole Nation Border: The Mont Ballard Case" (1957), a master of arts thesis by Geraldine Smith, whose work at the University of Oklahoma was the first attempt to write a detailed history of the event. That film remained in my files until recently, after my interest in the Seminole burning had been sparked once more and I was well into the process of researching it.
In one of my frequent rummagings among the inventories and records in the National Archives, I found the Justice Department files relating to the case. As I read them, I realized that the story that emerged differed significantly from the one Smith had told. It was the discrepancies between the stories that caught my attention and led to this book.
Heretofore, historical treatment of the event has rested largely on newspaper articles, published federal documents, and the transcript of the Mont Ballard trial. The result has been an extremely inaccurate rendering of the facts in the case and some erroneous conclusions about its causes. Smith's work is flawed in that respect, though it was an attempt to go beyond the event itself and place it in a larger historical context of frontier lawlessness. Edwin C. McReynolds took Smith's work a step further in The Seminoles (1957), hinting briefly at the racial overtones of the affair. Since their work, the topic has lain dormant except for an occasional piece in the pulp press. My work expands on the contexts Smith and McReynolds introduced, with emphasis on the latter, and explores others that bear significantly on the event, such as questions of criminal jurisdictions in Oklahoma and Indian Territory, white renters in Indian Territory, the public perception of lynching in that era, and the personal agendas of individuals involved in the case.
Page viii
Smith and McReynolds relied on limited sources in their work. They did not take into account the evidence that exists in the extensive files of the Justice Department in the National Archives in Washington, D.C.; the records of the U.S. Court for the Western District of Oklahoma or the Melven Cornish Collection in the Western History Collections at the University of Oklahoma; the records of the U.S. Court for the Northern District of the Indian Territory at the National Archives-Southwest Region at Fort Worth, Texas; or the Horace Speed Collection at the Oklahoma Historical Society. This work draws heavily on these and other primary sources as well as on newspaper articles and printed sources, some of which Smith's work was useful in ferreting out.
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