Judith F. Stone - The search for social peace: reform legislation in France, 1890-1914
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The search for social peace: reform legislation in France, 1890-1914
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The Search for Social Peace : Reform Legislation in France, 1890-1914 SUNY Series in Modern European Social History
author
:
Stone, Judith F.
publisher
:
State University of New York Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0887060234
print isbn13
:
9780887060236
ebook isbn13
:
9780585057859
language
:
English
subject
Social legislation--France--History, France--Social conditions--19th century.
publication date
:
1985
lcc
:
KJV3379.S76 1985eb
ddc
:
344.44
subject
:
Social legislation--France--History, France--Social conditions--19th century.
Page i
The Search for Social Peace
Page ii
SUNY Series on Modern European Social History Leo A. Loubre, Editor
Page iii
The Search for Social Peace
Reform Legislation in France, 18901914
Judith F. Stone
State University of New York Press
Page iv
To Stanley
Published by State University of New York Press, Albany
1985 State University of New York
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
For information, address State University of New York Press, State University Plaza, Albany, N.Y., 12246
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Stone, Judith F., 1946 The search for social peace.
1. Social legislationFranceHistory. 2. France Social conditions19th century. I. Title. LAW344.4484-20531 ISBN 0-88706-022-6344.404 ISBN 0-88706-023-4 (pbk.)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Page v
Contents
Acknowledgments
vii
Introduction
ix
1. The "Social Question"
1
2. The Ideologies of Social Reform
25
3. Reform Politics of the 1890s: Republicans in Conflict
55
4. Reform Politics, 19001914: The Radicals Triumphant
73
5. The Legislation of Social Reform: Insurance
99
6. The Legislation of Social Reform: Regulation
123
Conclusion: The Limits of Social Reform
161
Notes
183
Index
251
Page vii
Acknowledgments
This study benefited greatly from the guidance, support, and encouragement of teachers, colleagues, and friends. Although none of the people whom I wish to thank are responsible for the faults of this work, they each in various ways enabled me to complete a more effective and more cogent text.
I must first express my deep appreciation to my advisor, Professor Richard F. Kuisel of the State University of New York at Stony Brook, who guided me from the inception of this project through its dissertation stage and thereafter. Professor Kuisel's insistence that I ground theory in fact, write with greater clarity, and always reexamine my assumptions was of incalculable importance to my work. I am also appreciative of the support and advice of Professors Herman Lebovics and Werner T. Angress. Professor Leo Loubre of the State University of New York at Buffalo offered valuable suggestions for the revision of the text.
Colleagues at The State University of New York's Empire State College greatly aided this endeavor. Steven Tischler's insightful and useful criticism of the revised manuscript was most important. The confidence shown by James Robinson in my effort was an ongoing source of support. My fellow teachers and students at the Center for Labor Studies taught me much about labor relations, enabling me to see the French case more clearly.
Many friends provided me with encouragement and an intellectual community during this long enterprise. In particular, I must express my deep appreciation to Diane Camilleri who gave me invaluable help through her lucidity, refusal to flatter, and force of example. This work could not have been completed without the advice and support of Stanley Stamm who gave his time, energy, and optimism unstintingly.
Page viii
I am grateful to my father, who fostered my interest in France. And finally I must thank my mother, who was my earliest and most influential teacher of history.
Page ix
Introduction
During the last one hundred years social legislation has been the foremost domestic issue of all industrial states. The term "social reform" has come to include a large number of sometimes apparently disparate proposals and laws. All social reform legislation has had among its objectives the material improvement of workers' conditions at the workplace, in the community, and within the family. Through either direct or indirect intervention by the state, the aim has been to lessen the devastation of unemployment and to improve the workers' bargaining position with respect to their employers. Social insurance programs now provide partial protection for working-class incomes during periods of unemployment caused by accidents, old age, sickness, or even temporary job loss. The regulation of such working conditions as hours, the workweek, sanitation, and, most important, wages, has served to create a minimum standard below which neither the employer nor the business cycle can depress workers' income. Finally, state protection has been conferred on workers' collective efforts to enhance their conditions and wages through the legal regulation of unions, conciliation and arbitration procedures, and contract negotiation.
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344.44